Alternative Resolution to Investor-State Arbitration-Applying Mediation and Its Prospects

국문 초록 (Abstract)

최근 투자자-국가 분쟁해결은 한국에서 보듯이 그 사건 수가 지속적으로 증가하는 반면에 적법성, 투명성, 고비용 문제 등 상당한 비판에 직면해 있다. 본 연구는 기존의 투자자-국가 분쟁해결이 중재인이 법적 구속력을 가진 판결을 도출해내는 중재로 이루어지는 것에 대한 대안적 분쟁해결 방법으로서의 조정의 중요성을 강조한다. 특히 글로벌 중재기관과 주요 지역무역협정들이 이미 조정에 관한 규정들을 도출해내고 사건들을 해결하고 있는 양상을 진단하고, 실제 규정과 규정 내에서 발생할 수 있는 이슈들을 분석한다. 조정은 그 신속성, 유연성 및 비용 효과적인 측면과 더불어 당사자의 자율적인 과정참여, 그리고 원하는 결과에의 합의가 자유로운 점 등에서 비록 법적 강제력이 항상 부여되지는 않지만 투자자 국가 분쟁에 대안적으로 적용된다면 기존의 중재중심의 해결제도를 상당 부분 보완할 수 있다. 이는 이미 국제투자분쟁해결센터, 국제변호사협회, UN국제상거래법위원회, 싱가포르컨벤션과 더불어 EU가 참여한 EU-캐나다 지역무역협정, 그리고 환태평양경제동반자협정 및 EU-중국 양자투자협정 등이 제정을 앞두고 있거나 시행하고 있는 조정 조항들이 분쟁해결기제로 규정된 점에서 상당한 근거를 찾아볼 수 있다. 이미 조정은 국제투자와 비즈니스 부문에 중재와 더불어 그 단점을 보온하는 유연하고도 중요한 분쟁해결기제로 자리잡고 발전해 나가고 있다. 한국 정부도 이러한 추세를 주시하면서 외국투자자로부터의 투자자-국가 분쟁해결 제소시 대안적 해결방법으로서의 조정을 잘 이용할 필요가 있다. 현재 이러한 조정 규정들은 비구속성 문제와 투명성 문제 등이 남아 있고 아직까지는 소수로 적용되고 있으나 실제 사례와 각국의 경험이 축적되어지면 더 자세한 규정으로 발전해 나갈 것으로 기대되므로 지속적인 연구와 적응가능성에 대한 분석이 필요하다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper brings attention to the recent extensive discussions and proposed institutional rules about the use of mediation in the investor-state dispute. It addresses problems of existing arbitration regime and advantages of use of mediation in investor-state mediation for the more efficient resolution of international investment disputes. Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) is not suitable for the international investment regime of sovereign countries cases, and Mediation can be attractive when it is used in investment disputes because it is quicker in process, less expensive and preserves longer business relationship between the parties. Mediation also can encourage investors and states to develop trust each other and share important information so that both can meet their interests and needs. ICSID, IBA and UNCITRAL are actively advocating for the increased use of mediation to supplement investor-state arbitration. Initiatives and Rules developed by IBA Rules for Investor-State Mediation, ICSID and UNCITRAL Working Groups show clear merits of mediation as one alternative to investor-state dispute settlements. Even though enforceability issue is still in debate such as in upcoming EU-China BIT, necessity of incorporation of mediation will be more emphasized. As a result, mediation will be used as a complementary tool within the investment system, creating a practical alternative system. Korean government needs to consider mediation as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism and it will surely decrease damage when Korean government face foreign investor-brought ISDS. Problems still remain that whether parties will likely to self-regulate their disputes in the given rules, and whether transparency and standards to ensure the quality of investor-state mediators will be resolved. In the end, however, the real solution to fix the flaws in ISDS lies in finding innovative remedies to the problems.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. Introduction Ⅱ. Realities of Using Mediation in investor-State Dispute Ⅲ. Main Institutions’ Recent Work and Set of Rules for Using Mediation Ⅳ. Conclusion

참고문헌 (Reference)

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