이순신(李舜臣)의 군량 확보와 음식을 통한 화합 = Admiral Yi Sun-Shin's Efforts to Secure Military Provisions and Harmonization via Food

국문 초록 (Abstract)

일본군의 침략을 맞아 이순신은 군량 확보를 위해 공명첩을 활용했고, 계원유사․계향유사 등을 통해 여러 지역에서 군량을 모집했다. 1593년 윤11월부터 둔전을 운영했다. 둔전은 쌀농사와 보리농사의 이모작을 행했다. 밭에서는 콩 농사도 병행했다. 그 결과 1596년에는 군량 걱정을 어느 정도 덜 수 있었다. 명량해전에서 승리를 거둔 후 진영을 고금도로 옮겨서도 둔전을 경영하여 군량 확보를 위해 노력했다. 그 외 무농사를 통해서도 군량을 확보했다. 칡을 채취하고 메주를 쑤기도 했는데, 이 역시 군량 확보와 관계가 있다.
군량 확보를 위한 노력은 바다에서도 마찬가지였다. 전쟁 중 수군은 13개 이상의 염전을 경영했다. 물고기를 잡아 쌀로 바꾸었고, 3~4월에는 미역을 채취했다. 명량해전 후에는 어민들에게 해로통행첩을 발행하여 군량을 마련하는 비상수단을 강구했다.
전투준비와 군량확보를 위한 노역 등은 군사들의 불만으로 이어질 수 있다. 이순신은 군사들과 화합하는 자리를 만들었는데, 그 매개체 중 하나가 술이었다. 부하 장수들이 임지를 옮길 때 이별주를 마셨고, 생일을 챙기는 등 술을 통해 소통하고 화합하는 자리를 가졌다. 군사들에게도 전투가 끝난 후 술을 나눠주어 공을 위로하고 격려하면서 사기를 높였다.
이순신은 여름에는 개고기, 삼짇날 화전, 백중날 떡, 동짓날 팥죽 등의 절식을 부하 장수들과 함께 먹으며 유대관계를 돈독히 했다. 명량해전 후 수군 기지를 옮길 때 고생한 군관들에게 사슴고기를 통해 고마운 마음을 표시했다. 군사들에게도 설날과 중양절 등에는 잔치를 열어주고 음식을 먹게 했다. 음식을 통해 부하 장수 및 군사들과 화합하는 모습은 조선 수군의 군사력을 극대화할 수 있었던 요인 중 하나였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Admiral Yi Sun-shin(李舜臣) placed huge importance on securing military provisions in managing the naval forces. He used Gongmyeongcheop(空名帖) and collected military provisions in many areas through Gyewonyusa(繼援有司) or Gyehyangyusa(繼餉有司). He started keeping Dunjeon(屯田) in the leap month of November, 1593. Under his supervision, they did double cropping on the Dunjeon including rice farming in summer and barley farming in autumn. He also made sure that beans were grown on dry fields. As a result, he saw achievements in Dunjeon management in 1595 and eased his worries over military provisions to some degree in 1596. After winning the Battle of Myeongryang(鳴梁海戰), he had the camps under his order moved to the Gogeum Island(古今島), where his naval soldiers kept Dunjeon as part of their collective efforts to secure military provisions. Admiral Yi also ordered radish farming to secure military provisions. His naval soldiers also gathered kudzu and made blocks of fermented soybeans, which, too, had certain relations with their effort to secure military provisions.
The labor involved in battle preparations and military provisions may cause soldiers to raise complaints. Admiral Yi created occasions to harmonize with his soldiers. One of the media he used was alcoholic drinks. He had farewell drinks for his subordinate commanders about to transfer and his soldiers on their birthdays during occasions to communicate and harmonize with his soldiers via alcoholic drinks. After battles, he would hand out alcoholic drinks to his soldiers and praise and encourage them for their meritorious deeds, thus increasing their morale.
They also made efforts to secure military provisions in the sea. During the war, the naval forces managed over 13 salt ponds. They caught fish and bartered them with rice. In March and April, they would gather seaweeds. After the Battle of Myeongryang, they issued a sea route pass to fishermen as they looked for emergency means to prepare military provisions. Admiral Yi devised various ways to secure military provisions, and it shows his aspect as a public figure in the management of the naval forces.
Admiral Yi went hunting with his subordinate commanders. He would solidify his bond with them by sharing holiday dishes with them such as dog meat in summer, pan-fried sweet rice cake with hwsjeon(花煎) on the third day of the third lunar month, rice cake on the fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month, and red bean porridge on the winter solstice. He used venison to express his gratitude to his military officers who worked hard when the naval base was moved after the Battle of Myeongryang. He also held a feast for his soldiers and treated food to them on Lunar New Year's Day and the ninth day of the ninth lunar month.
Admiral Yi harmonized with his subordinate commanders and soldiers via food, and it was an aspect of the admiral as a private man. His strict aspect as a public figure and humane aspect as a private man were part of the factors that maximized the military strength of Joseon's naval forces.