The Best Form of Government and Civic Friendship in Aristotle's Political Thought = 아리스토텔레스의 정치시상에 있어 최선의 정부형태와 公民的 親愛

국문 초록 (Abstract)

아리스토텔레스의 법사상 또는 정치사상에 대해서는 많은 연구가 있어 왔으나 그 요체에 대한 해석에 있어서는 간혹 일치되지 않은 양상을 보이고 있다. 그의 자연법에 대한 입장에 대한 해석과 그의 정부형태론에 대한 해석이 그러한데, 본고는 자연법에 대한 아리스토텔레스의 입장은 당대 희랍철학의 맥락에서 동떨어져 있지 않다는 것을 기본적인 전제로 아리스토텔레스의 법사상은 自然法과 人法을 엄밀히 구분하고 있음을 지적한다. 理性에 바탕을 둔 자연법사상은 키케로 이후에 본격적으로 등장한 사상이며 희랍철학에서는 노모스와 퓌시스 간에 엄연한 경계가 존재했으며 아리스토텔레스의 정치사상은 인법을 보다 正義에 부합하도록 제정함으로써 인간으로 하여금 자연적 한계를 극복하여 地上에 제고된 삶을 보장할 정치체제를 구축하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 이런 관점에서 볼 때, 그가 제시하는 혼합정체는 이론적인 측면에서가 아니라 실천적인 측면에서 보다 많은 민족, 보다 많은 도시에 실시가능한 정부형태로서 이른바 "최선의 정부형태"의 구조와 원리를 지니고 있다고 하겠다. 寡頭政과 民主政의 혼합체로서의 폴리테이아는 德과 平等의 원리를 조화시킴으로써 일탈적 정부형태(僭主政, 寡頭政, 民主政)가 일반적으로 보여 주는 派黨的 경향을 지양할 수 있고 도시 내의 다양한 계층 간에 공동체적 친애관계를 형성시켜 줄 수 있다. 이 때 아리스토텔레스의 정치이론은 『니코마코스 윤리학』과 『에우데모스 윤리학』에서 전개된 사회윤리학의 연장선상에 있다고 할 수 있는데, 그것은 아리스토텔레스가 구상한 최선의 정부형태는 인간의 덕성을 함양할 수 있는 정치제도로서 제시되고 있기 때문이다. 도시구성원 간의 公民的 親愛는 效用의 친애와 平等의 친애의 양측면을 공유하고 있는 善으로서 도시의 다양한 계층간에 公民的 正義를 실현하는 원리이며 혼합정체를 지닌 도시에서의 삶을 운영하는 원리인 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper aims to show that in the classification of political regimes by Aristotle, the polity, mixed regime of oligarchy and democracy, is the best form of government, and that this best constitution is presented as an alternative to have a stabler constitution in which ordinary people can live a life of better quality in the intersubjective relationships with the virtuous people. It is civic friendship that will regulate the ethics of the people in this city, a friendship based on utility on the one hand, and on equality on the other. Political conventions made after the consent of diverse classes of the city will allow the people to participate turn by turn in public affairs. In effect, rotational share in office constitutes a part of the elements which assures the stability of the regime against factional conflicts. Occupying the place of just "mean" in Aristotelian sense of the word, the middle class will play the core role in the polity. They constitute an influentially moderating balance between two extremes: claims for excellence and those for equality. Thus constructed, the polity appears to be kin to the rule of law. For, different from pure forms of kingship and aristocracy, in which personal rule is practices on the basis of the ruler(s)'s excellence, the polity will be governed by conventions, i.e. man-made laws. It would be interesting to note here that for Aristotle, a city constructed on law and justice is conceived as a possibility to overcome the natural limits. Nature conditions human beings' faculties. Yet men can build on earth an ideal city with his unaided reason. This is very crucial for us to understand Aristotle's political project he declares at the end of the Nicormchean Ethics. The best form of government, that is the mixed polity of oligarchical elements and democratic elements, is ways and means to realize a generally practicable form of government for most people as well as for most cities.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. Introduction : Nature, human laws, and political regimes in Aristotle
• II. The best form of government : Theory and practice
• III. Civic friendship : Ethics of mixture for the best form of government
• IV. Conclusion
• References
• Abstract
• 국문요약

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 Gottlieb, P, "The Virtue of Aristotle's Ethics" Cambridge University Press 2009
• 2 Mara, G. M, "The Role of Philosophy in Aristotle’s Political Science" 19 (19): 375-401, 1987
• 3 Nederman, C. J, "The Puzzle of the Political Animal: Nature and Artifice in Aristotle’s Political Theory" 56 (56): 283-304, 1994
• 4 Swanson, J. A, "The Public and the Private in Aristotle’s Political Philosophy" Cornell University Press 1992
• 5 Loos, I., "The Political Philosophy of Aristotle" 10 (10): 313-333, 1897
• 6 Bluhm, W. T, "The Place of the “Polity” in Aristotle’s Theory of the Idea State" 24 (24): 743-753, 1962
• 7 Stocks, J. L., "The Composition of Aristotle’s Politics" 21 (21): 177-187, 1927
• 8 Lord, C, "The Character and Composition of Aristotle’s Politics" 9 : 459-478, 1981
• 9 Galston, M, "Taking Aristotle Seriously: Republican-Oriented Legal Theory and the Moral Foundation of Deliberative Democracy" 82 (82): 329-399, 1994
• 10 Newell, W. R, "Superlative Virtue: The Problem of Monarchy in Aristotle’s ‘Politics’" 40 (40): 159-178, 1987
• 11 Mathie, W, "Political and Distributive Justice in the Political Science of Aristotle" 49 (49): 59-84, 1987
• 12 E. Barker, "Pol. Politics" Oxford University Press 1998
• 13 Murphy, J. B, "Nature, Custom, and Reason as the Explanatory and Practical Principles of Aristotelian Political Science" 64 (64): 469-495, 2002
• 14 Lindsay, T. K, "Liberty, Equality, Power: Aristotle’s Critique of the Democratic “Presupposition”" 36 (36): 743-761, 1992
• 15 Bates, C. A, "Law and the Rule of Law and Its Place Relative to politeia in Aristotle's Politics, In Aristotle and the Philosophy of Law: Theory, Practice, and Justice" Springer 2012
• 16 Fritz, K. von, "Introduction, In Aristotle, Constitution of Athens and Related Texts" Hafner Publishing 3-66, 1950
• 17 Lord, C, "Education and Culture in the Political Thought of Aristotle" Cornell University Press 1982
• 18 H. Rackham, "EN Nicomachean Ethics, revised edition" Harvard University Press 1934
• 19 A. Kenny, "EE The Eudemian Ethics" Oxford University Press 2011
• 20 Bates, C. A, "Aristotle’s “Best Regime”: Kingship, Democracy, and the Rule of Law" Louisiana State University Press 2003
• 21 Ambler, W. H, "Aristotle’s Understanding of the Naturalness of the City" 47 (47): 163-185, 1985
• 22 Coby, P., "Aristotle’s Three Cities and the Problem of Faction" 50 (50): 896-919, 1988
• 23 Bartlett, R. C, "Aristotle’s Science of the Best Regime" 88 (88): 143-155, 1994
• 24 Lindsay, T. K, "Aristotle’s Qualified Defense of Democracy through “Political Mixing”" 54 (54): 101-119, 1992
• 25 Coby, P, "Aristotle’s Four Conceptions of Politics" 39 (39): 480-503, 1986
• 26 Jaeger, W, "Aristotle: Fundamentals of the History of His Development, second edition" Oxford University Press 1962
• 27 May, H, "Aristotle's Ethics: Moral Development and Human Nature" Continuum 2010
• 28 Burger, R, "Aristotle's Dialogue with Socrates: On the Nicomachaen Ethics" The University of Chicago Press 2008
• 29 Winthrop, D, "Aristotle on Participatory Democracy" 11 (11): 151-171, 1978
• 30 Frank, J, "Aristotle on Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law" 8 (8): 37-50, 2006
• 31 Winthrop, D, "Aristotle and Theories of Justice" 72 (72): 1201-1216, 1978
• 32 Lintott, A, "Aristotle and Democracy" 42 (42): 114-128, 1992
• 33 Aubenque P, "Aristote, Politique: Études sur la Politique d’Aristote" Presses Universitaires de France 1993
• 34 Wolff F, "Aristote et la politique" Presses Universitaires de France 1997
• 35 P. J. Rhodes, "AC The Athenian Constitution" Penguin Books 2002