동아시아산 곰취속(국화과)의 분류학적 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

A systematic study based on the type of specimens and original descriptions was conducted for 18 taxa of East Asian Ligularia Cass. (Asteraceae), which is currently inconclusive. Comprehensive morphological and molecular analyses were also performed. The major characteristics and limits of the variation in each taxon were identified based on these analyses. Furthermore, variations in major characters were reassessed, current classification systems were re-evaluated, and relationships among taxonomic groups were elucidated.
At the level of section classification, several morphological characteristics were useful: leaf habit, leaf shape, petiole, bracteole, involucre, type of synflorescence, direction of flowering, and presence of a degenerated capitulum. Moreover, it was helpful for the delimitation of species such as the existence and type of trichome, shape of the bract, number of phyllaries, surface of the receptacle, length, and colour of pappus.
To determine molecular phylogenetic relationships, nrDNA ITS region was analysed. The result was able to establish a disordered system at the genus and taxonomic levels of sect. Racemiferae were resolved. The characteristics of the complete chloroplast genomes of four taxa were identified, including L. stenocephala Matsum. & Koidz. by whole-genome sequencing using the NGS platform.
L. taquetii, which is recognised as endemic to Korea, had the same morphological characteristics as L. mongolica and L. fauriei; no significant differences were found in the nrDNA ITS region analysis results. ‘Gomchwi’, mentioned in domestic flora and literature as L. fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz. was not distributed in South Korea. The plants used as ‘Gomchwi’ in Korean market were mixed with L. euodon Miq., L. stenocephala, and unidentified taxon (Ligularia sp.). Ligularia sp. can be recognised as a distinct taxon from other previously known East Asian Ligularia by the surface of the receptacle, colour of the pappus, and nrDNA ITS region analysis. In addition, the type specimens of the ambiguous taxon L. fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai had a single collection number containing a mixture of L. fischeri and L. euodon.
Finally, this study was conducted to elucidate the taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships among Ligularia taxa in East Asia, classified into 13 taxa within 5 sections 2 series, and provided a key to each taxon and descriptions based on the aforementioned results.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Abstract i
• List of tables iii
• List of figures iv
• I. 서 론 1
• II. 재료 및 방법 8
• 1. 외부형태학적 연구 8
• 2. 분자계통학적 연구 15
• III. 관찰 및 결과 21
• 1. 외부형태학적 연구 21
• 2. 분자계통학적 연구 44
• IV. 분류군의 기재 49
• V. 고 찰 125
• VI. 적 요 135
• VII. 인용문헌 137
• Appendix I 145
• Appendix II 155

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 Chung, T. H., "Korean Flora", Pp. 591-592 (in Korean), 1957
• 2 Nakai, T., "Ligularia Coreana", 31: 121-127, 1917
• 3 Koidzumi, G., "Ligulaira in Japan", 24: 261-266, 1910
• 4 Kitamura, S., "Compositae Japonicae", 16: 183-202, 1942
• 5 Nakai , T., "A synoptical Sketch of Korean Flora .", 32: 1-152, 1952
• 6 Nakai, T., "Plantae novae Japonicae et Koreanae IV", 29: 1-13, 1915
• 7 Nakai, T., "Notulae ad plantas Asiae orientalis (XXX)", 20: 135-141, 1944
• 8 Nakai, T., "Notulae ad plantas Japoniae & Koreae XXXIII", 40: 563-586, 1926
• 9 Small. J, "The Origin and Development of the Compositae", 17: 114-142, 1918
• 10 Kitagawa, M., "Plantae novae ex Manshuria nec non China boreale", 17: 234-241, 1941
• 11 Chung, G. Y., K. S. Chang, J. M. Chung, H. J. Choi, W. K. Paik and J. O. Hyun, "A checklist of endemic plants on the Korean Peninsula", 47: 264-288, 2017
• 12 Park, M. K., "Keys to the Herbaceous Plants in Korea (Dicotyledonae).", Pp. 497-498 (in Korean), 1974
• 13 Liu, S. W., D. S. Deng and J. Q. Liu, "The origin, evolution and distribution of Ligularia Cass", 32: 514-525, 1994
• 14 Katoh, K. and H. Toh, "Parallelization of the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program", 26: 1899-1900, 2010
• 15 Illarionova, I. D., "Genus Ligularia (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) in flora of Russian Far East", 98: 1147-1165 (in Russian), 2013
• 16 Cassini, A. H. G., "Apercu des genres nouveaux formes par, dans la famille des Synantherees", 4: 198-200, 1816
• 17 Jeffrey, C. and Y. L. Chen, "Taxonomic studies on the tribe Senecioneae (Compositae) of eastern Asia", 39: 205-446, 1984
• 18 Koyama, H., "On Japanese Ligularia (Sect. Ligularia) fischeri and its related species", 22: 75-80 (in Japanese), 1966
• 19 Dolye, J.J. and J. L. Dolye, "A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue", 19: 11-15, 1987
• 20 Koyama, H., "Taxonomic studies on the tribe Senecioneae of Eastern Asia I. General Part", 33: 181-209, 1967
• 21 Altschul, S. F., T. L. Madden, A. A. Schaffer, J. Zhang, Z. Zhang, W. Miller and D. J. Lipman, "Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs", 25: 3389-3402, 1997
• 22 Stuessy, T. F. and D. M. Spooner, "The adaptive and phylogenetic significance of receptacular bracts in the Compositae", 37: 114-126, 1988
• 23 Ahn, S. Y., K. S. Cho, K. O. Yoo and J. T. Suh, "Phylogenetic relationship of Ligularia species based on RAPD and ITS sequences analyses", 28: 638-647 (in Korean), 2010
• 24 Illarionova, I. D., "Taxonomic Notes on Sections Corymbosae and Subracemosae of Genus Ligularia (Asteraceae)", 89 (6): 365-375, 2014
• 25 Wang, J. F., X. Gong, Y. C. Chiang and C. Kuroda, "Phylogenetic patterns and disjunct distribution in Ligularia hodgsonii Hook. (Asteraceae)", 40: 1741-1754, 2013
• 26 Stamatakis A, "RAxML version 8 : a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies", 30: 1312-1313, 2014
• 27 Lee, J. H., H. Lee, S. C. Lee, S. H. Sung, J. H. Kang, T. J. Lee and T. J. Yang, "The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz. (Asteraceae)", 1: 4-5, 2016
• 28 Illarionova, I. D., "Morphological and anatomical structure of achenes in Ligularia species (Asteraceae, Senecioneae)", 93: 22-42 (in Russian), 2008
• 29 Franchet, A, "Les genres Ligularia, Senecillis, Cremanthodium et leurs espèces dans l’Asie centrale et orientale", 39: 279-307, 1892
• 30 Koyama, H., "Taxonomic studies on the tribe Senecioneae of Eastern Asia. II. Enumeration of the species of Eastern Asia", 1: 19-60, 1968
• 31 Lohse, M., O. Drechsel and R. Bock, "OrganellarGenomeDRAW (OGDRAW): a tool for the easy generation of high-quality custom graphical maps of plastid and mitochondrial genomes", 52: 267-274, 2007
• 32 Liu, J. Q., Y. J. Wang, A. L. Wang, H. Ohba and J. A. Richard, "Radiation and diversification within the Ligularia-Cremanthodium- Parasenecio complex (Asteraceae) triggered by uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau", 38: 31-49, 2006
• 33 Chen, R., L. Wang, I. D. Illarionova, Q. E. Yang, "Circumscription and phylogenetic position of Ligularia sect. Stenostegia (Asteraceae: Senecioneae) based on morphological, cytological, and molecular phylogenetic evidence", 69: 739-755, 2020