생활·조직 속의 총력전/ 일본

국문 초록 (Abstract)

일본에서는 1937년 중일전쟁 발발 이후 전쟁이 장기화되면서 총력전체제를 구축하려는 움직임이 가속화된다. 이 총력전 시기에는 ‘前線’과 ‘銃後’의 구별이 소멸하고, 감정과 신체, 문화, 물자 등 각 영역이 동원되어지면서 이제껏 사적영역에 머물고 있던 국민 개개인의 일상생활에까지 국가권력이 침투 동원해 간다.
본고는 총력전 시기 전시동원정책이 일본국민, 그중 농촌 농민의 일상생활에 미친 영향을 살펴보는 것이다. 즉 본고는 개인과 단체로 구성된 사회가 어떻게 총력전과 관련되어지는지를 밝히려는 것이며, 일본국민에게 있어서 총력전시대의 의미가 무엇인지를 밝히려는 것이었다.
총력전하 전시동원정책의 요체는 일본정신의 함양과 일생생활규범실천, 자기직분(노동)에의 力行이었고, 최종목표는 생산력확대에 있었다. 즉 전시동원정책 내용은 생산력 확대에 국민의 자발적 참여를 이끌어내기 위해, 일본국민으로서 자각과 촌민으로서의 자각(향토의식)을 고취시켜 조국애와 향토애를 양성하고, 조국과 향토에서의 자기 자신의 존재 가치?의의를 깨닫게 하여 자발적 에너지를 발휘, 일상생활규범(근면성과 건강 위생, 소비생활면에서는 예산생활의 강조와 납세, 절약, 허례허식 타파, 저축, 모든 생활에서의 시간엄수)을 실천하고 농업생산에 근검역행케 하는 것이었다.
이 전시동원정책 아래에서의 일상생활의 실태를 群馬? 新田郡 木崎町의 赤堀에 살았던 지주 大川竹雄(오오카와 다케오)의 개인문서를 중심으로 분석하면서 살펴보았다. 총력전시기 농업생산에 있어서의 변화는 省力경영과 共同化로 나타남을 확인할 수 있었고, 노동생활과 불가분의 관계인 시간, 건강의 실태를 살펴보았다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In Japan, there was government’s accelerated movement to establish the system of a total war after the outbreak of war between Japan and China because the war seemed to be prolonged. During the period of this war, the distinction between the front line of battle and the civilian line behind the battle became obscure and the national power began to get involved in people’s daily life that used to be regarded as a private area as Japanese government mobilized national resources, various cultural assets, and civilians’ mental parts as well as physical parts.
This research paper investigated what influence Japanese government’s mobilization policy during the total war had on people’s daily life, especially on farmers in an agricultural village. The purpose of this research paper is to find what meaning the age of the total war had for the Japanese and also to clarify the relation between the total war and the society which consists of individuals and groups of organizations.
The aim of Japanese government’s mobilization policy during the total war was to establish the Japanese spirit, make people practice the norms of their daily life, and do their duty in laboring in order to increase the productivity. The concrete contents of Japanese government’s mobilization policy are as follows. First, Japanese government made people work voluntarily for increasing productive capacity by infusing people notions such as patriotism, sense of national polity, citizenship. reverence toward gods and ancestors, and love for their hometown. Second, Japanese government inspired people to be aware of the value of being members of their hometown and country so that they could voluntarily practiced norms of daily life such as diligence, sanitation, making a budget for a living, paying tax, frugality and saving money, abolishment of useless formalities, and punctuality. Third, Japanese government wanted to increase the agricultural production through people’s hard working.
In this paper, real aspects of people’s daily life under Japanese government’s mobilization policy were analyzed and reported on the basis of facts found in the documents of Okawa Takeo who was a landowner and lived in Gunma-ken, Nita-gun, Kisaki-machi. From this study, it was confirmed that there was a big change in agricultural production during the total war. That is, people cooperated to increase production, reducing the labor power for efficiency. Futhermore, this paper investigated the Japanese’s time and health management during the total war which were closely connected to productivity and labor power.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 【국문초록】
• 1. 머리말
• 2. 국민갱생운동, 국민정신총동원운동, 대정익찬운동
• 3. 전시농업통제와 식량증산
• 4. 농촌생활과 조직 : 농사실행조합, 常會, 대정익찬회 지부
• 5. 맺음말
• 【ABSTRACT】