자기희생에 대한 초기 불교의 태도 = Self-Sacrifice and Self-immolation in Theravāda Buddhism: A Study Based on Pāli Canon and Its Commentaries

국문 초록 (Abstract)

자기희생은 자발적으로 삶을 끊거나 몸의 일부를 바치는 행위들을 포함하는 고행을 가리킨다. 『자따까(Jātaka)』와 『아바다나(Avādana)』와 같은 인도불교의 내러티브 장르는 자기희생을 사신(捨身)의 영웅적 사례로 언급하고 있다. 동아시아 국가들과 베트남에서는 여러 형태의 자기희생들 가운데 박해에 항의하거나 붓다에게 예배하기 위해서 분신이 가장 일상적으로 행해져왔다. 자기희생은 최근에 테라와다 불교권에서도 드물게 발생해왔기 때문에 대승 불교권에만 한정되지 않는다. 이 논문에서 필자는 빨리 성전과 그 주석서들에 입각하여 자기희생에 대한 초기 불교적 관점을 논의한다. 첫째, 자살과 마찬가지로 자기희생은 인간의 삶을 최대한 활용하기도 전에 그러한 기회를 스스로 저버리는 것이다. 둘째, 자기희생은 사람에게 극도의 신체적 통증을 일으키고 그를 죽음에 빠뜨릴 수 있기 때문에 고행에 포함되어야 한다. 잘 알려져 있듯이, 붓다는 고행을 실천하는 것이 해탈에 필수적인 요건이라고 간주하지 않았다. 셋째, 자기희생은 비존재에 대한 갈애(vibhava-taṇhā)의 부추김을 받거나 유신견(有身見, sakkāya-diṭṭhi) 또는 자아에 대한 견해(atta-diṭṭhi)에 뿌리를 두고 있는 행동이다. 넷째, 자기희생은 모든 중생에 대한 자애(mettā)의 근원으로서 높은 평가를 받는 자기사랑(attā-piya)이나 자기애(atta-kāma)에 위반되는 행동이다. 그러므로 자기희생은 붓다의 가르침과 합치하지 않으며, 그러한 의미에서 절대로 영웅적이거나 고귀한 행동으로 인정될 수 없다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Self-immolation refers to ascetic practices that include the voluntary termination of life or the offering of parts of the body. Indian Buddhist narrative genres of Jātaka and Avādana refer to such practices as Bodhisattva’s heroic examples of abandoning the body. In East Asian countries and Vietnam, auto-cremation has been most commonly practiced among many forms of self-immolation to protest against persecution, or to pay homage to the Buddha. This act is not confined to Mahāyāna Buddhist world. There have been cases, if not many, of this striking forms of self-immolation in Theravāda Buddhist world these days. With this paper, I discuss Buddhist perspectives on self-immolation on the basis of Pāli canon and its commentaries. Firstly, as in the case of suicide, self-immolation cuts short his or her opportunity to attain liberation, before having made proper use of human life to its fullest potential. Secondly, self-immolation should be included in self-modification or asceticism because it causes extreme physical pains and even leads to death. As is well known, the Buddha does not consider the undertaking of austerities as a necessary prerequisites for liberation. Thirdly, self-immolation is an act motivated or urged by craving for non-existence (vibhava-taṇhā) and is rooted in personality-belief (sakkāya-diṭṭhi) or ego-belief (atta-diṭṭhi). Self-immolation is against self-love (attā-piya) or self-affection (atta-kāma) which is highly appreciated as a source for loving-kindness (mettā) towards other beings. Thus, I can safely say that self-immolation is not in keeping with the original teaching of the Buddha and that self-immolation cannot be recognized as heroic or noble by no means.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 안양규, "초기불교의 자기사랑에 관한 고찰" 불교문화연구원 (76) : 9-33, 2016
• 2 "빨리 문헌은 영국 PTS본의 권 번호와 페이지를 기재하였다"
• 3 荻原雲來, "梵和大辭典" 新文豐 1988
• 4 "Visuddhimagga"
• 5 "Vinaya-piṭakam. 5 Vols"
• 6 Bronkhorst, Johannes, "The Two Sources of Indian Asceticism" Motilal Banarsidass 1998
• 7 Weber, Max, "The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism, Glencoe" The Free Press 1958
• 8 Speyer, J. S., "The Jātakamālā: Garland of Birth-Stories of Ārya-śūra" Motilal Banarsidass 1971
• 9 Dundas, Paul, "The Jains" Routledge 2002
• 10 "Suttanipāta"
• 11 "Sumaṅgalavilāsinī. 3 Vols"
• 12 "Saṃyutta-Nikāya. 5 Vols"
• 13 Rhys Davids, T. W., "Pāli-English Dictionary" PTS 1925
• 14 "Paramatthajotikā 3 Vols"
• 15 Benn, James A., "Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self-Immolation in China – A Historical Perspectives" Martyn (25) : 203-212, 2012
• 16 Ohnuma, Reiko, "Martyrdom, Self-Sacrifice, and Self-Immolation:Religious Perspectives on Suicide" Oxford University Press 241-261, 2018
• 17 "Majjhima-Nikāya. 3 Vols"
• 18 "Khuddaka-pāṭha"
• 19 "Jātaka. 6 Vols"
• 20 "Itivutaka"
• 21 Storm, Mary, "Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India" Routledge 2013
• 22 Fredricks, Randi, "Fasting: An Exceptional Human Experience" AuthorHouse 2012
• 23 Anālayo, Bhikkhu, "Excursions into the Thought-World of the Pāli Discourse" Pariyatti Press 2015
• 24 Benn, James A., "Encyclopedia of Buddhism vol. I" Macmillan 758-759, 2004
• 25 Anālayo, Bhikkhu, "Encyclopedia of Buddhism VIII" The Government of Sri Lanka 560-561, 2007
• 26 Anālayo, Bhikkhu, "Encyclopedia of Buddhism VIII" The Government of Sri Lanka 558-560, 2007
• 27 Witanachchi, W., "Encyclopedia of Buddhism II" The Government of Sri Lanka 324-326, 1966
• 28 Yoshirō, Tamura, "Encyclopedia of Buddhism II" The Government of Sri Lanka 158-161, 1966
• 29 Kariyawasam, A. G. S., "Encyclopedia of Buddhism II" The Government of Sri Lanka 161-168, 1966
• 30 "Dīgha-Nikāya. 3 Vols"
• 31 Story, Francis, "Dimensions of Buddhist Thought: Collected Essays" BPS 2011
• 32 "Dhammapada"
• 33 De Silva, Lily, "Collected Wheel Publications Volume XXII: Numbers 329 to 344" BPS 179-224, 2012
• 34 Benn, James A, "Burning for the Buddha: Self-immolation in Chinese Buddhism" University of Hawaii Press 2016
• 35 Paravahera Vajirañāṇa Mahāthera, "Buddhist Meditation in Theory and Practice: A General Exposition According to the Pāḷi Canon of Theravāda School" Buddhist Missionary Society 2010
• 36 McMahan, David L., "Buddhism in the Modern World" Routledge 2012
• 37 Anālayo, Bhikkhu, "Buddhism and Jainism: Encyclopedia of Indian Religions" Springer 161-164, 2017
• 38 "Aṅguttara-Nikāya. 5 Vols"
• 39 De Silva, Padmasiri, "An Introduction to Buddhist Psychology" The Macmillan Press Ltd 1979
• 40 Harvey, Peter, "An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues" Cambridge University Press 2000
• 41 Monier-Williams, Monier, "A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and philologically arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages" Clarendon Press 1872
• 42 V. Trenckner, "A Critical Pāli Dictionary"