아동상담자의 외상경험이 간접외상에 미치는 영향에서 상담자 변인의 조절효과 = The Moderating Effects of Counselor Variables on the Effects of Trauma Experiences of Children Counselor on Indirect Trauma

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 아동상담자의 외상경험과 이차적 외상스트레스, 대리외상간의 관계에서 상담자의 수퍼비젼, 자기분석, 상담자의 사회적 지지, 자기효능감의 조절효과를 밝히는 것이 목적이다.
본 연구에서는 만 18세 미만의 아동을 상담하고 있는 아동상담자 203명을 대상으로 이루어졌다. 연구결과, 아동상담자의 외상 경험과 이차적 외상스트레스와 대리 외상 간의 관계에서 수퍼비젼기간은 조절 효과가 없었으나, 수퍼비젼 횟수는 대리외상에 조절 효과가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 자기분석 기간은 아동상담자의 외상 경험이 대리 외상에 미치는 영향에서 유의미한 조절 변수인 것으로 나타났으나 이차적 외상스트레스에는 조절하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 자기분석 횟수는 이차적 외상스트레스와 대리 외상에 대해 조절 효과가 있음이 밝혀졌다. 아동상담자의 외상 경험은 이차적 외상스트레스와 대리 외상에 유의미한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으나 본 연구에서 조절변인으로 설정한 사회적 지지와 자기효능감은 적절하지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 상담자가 전문가적인 개입을 받게 되면 상담자로서의 자신을 보호하고 상담과정에 도움을 받게된다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study was intended to examine the secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma which were common examples of indirect traumatic stress faced by 'child counselors’. It also sought to identify the factors that might have a moderating effect on secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma. These research goals were to be achieved by defining the supervision, self-analysis, social support, and self-efficacy of counselors. The question of how the previous traumatic experiences of child counselors would have a moderating effect in relationship between secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma was also addressed. The subjects of this study were made up of 203 counselors for children who were providing counseling guidance to children less than 18 years old. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: first, the results showed that the supervision period did not have any moderating effect on secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma and that the frequency of supervision had a moderating effect on vicarious trauma. The results also showed that the period of self-analysis was a significant moderating variable in relation to the effect that the traumatic experience of counselors for children would have on vicarious trauma. It did not have any moderating effect on secondary traumatic stress. The frequency of self-analysis was found to have a moderating effect on secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma. Third, the results showed that the traumatic experience of counselors for children had a significant effect on secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma. The degrees of social support and self-efficacy, commonly defined as moderating variables were not appropriate. Counselors tended to protect themselves as counselors if they were provided with a professional intervention, which also had a helpful effect on the overall counseling process.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 박지영, "한국형 이차적 외상스트레스척도(Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale)의 구성타당화 연구" 한국사회복지학회 63 (63): 33-57, 2011
• 2 조수연, "초기상담에서 상담자 경력별 공감정확도와 상담만족도: 임상 실제자료를 기반으로 한 내담자 지각을 중심으로" 한국상담심리학회 23 (23): 257-275, 2011
• 3 임정숙, "정신보건사회복지사의 이차적 외상스트레스가 직무만족에 미치는 영향 : 자아탄력성과 사회적 지지의 조절효과를 중심으로" 전북대학교 대학원 2013
• 4 윤명숙, "정신보건사회복지사의 외상 후 성장관련 요인 연구" 한국정신보건사회복지학회 (39) : 61-89, 2011
• 5 박윤미, "외상생존자와 일하는 사회복지사의 소진에 대한 역할갈등, 업무부담과 이차적 외상 스트레스 및 자기효능감의 영향" 한국아동복지학회 (36) : 289-322, 2011
• 6 박지영, "아동보호전문기관직원의 외상관련업무로 인한 스트레스 및 관련요인 연구" 한국정신보건사회복지학회 (29) : 177-206, 2008
• 7 권해수, "성폭력상담자의 대리외상 관련 변인 연구: 상담유형, 외상경험, 사회적 지지를 중심으로" 한국상담학회 12 (12): 415-430, 2011
• 8 권해수, "성폭력 상담자의 대리 외상 경험에 대한 질적 연구" 한국상담심리학회 18 (18): 495-518, 2006
• 9 최혜윤, "상담자의 완벽주의 성향, 사회적 지지와 심리적 소진" 한국건강심리학회 8 (8): 279-300, 2003
• 10 유성경, "교육분석가(상담자의 상담자)의 특성과 선택" 한국상담학회 11 (11): 1411-1431, 2010
• 11 Lugris, V., "Vicarious traumatization in therapists: Contributing factors, PTSD symptomatology, and cognitive distortions" University Microfilms International 61 : 55-72, 2000
• 12 Simonds, S. L., "Vicarious traumatization in therapists treating adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse" The Fielding Institute 1996
• 13 Young, C. M., "Vicarious traumatization in psychotherapists who work with physically or sexually abused children" 60 (60): 4918B-, 2000
• 14 Baird, K., "Vicarious traumatization and secondary traumatic stress : A research synthesis" 19 (19): 181-188, 2006
• 15 Pearlman, L. A., "Vicarious traumatization : an empirical study of the effects of trauma work on trauma therapists" 26 : 558-565, 1995
• 16 McCann, L., "Vicarious traumatization : a framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims" 3 : 131-149, 1990
• 17 Allt, J., "Vicarious trauma: A survey of clinical and counselling psychologists" University of Surrey 1999
• 18 DiPietro. F., "Vicarious trauma compassion fatigue in battered women's advocates: a secondary prevention program" University of Hartford 2005
• 19 Schauben, L. J., "Vicarious trauma : the effects on female counselors of working with sexual violence survivors" 19 : 49-64, 1995
• 20 VanDeusen, K. M., "Vicarious trauma : an exploratory study of the impact of providing sexual abuse treatment on clinicians'trust and intimacy" 15 (15): 69-85, 2006
• 21 Young, C. M., "Vicarious trama in psychotherapists who work with physically or sexually abused children" The California School of Professional Psychology 1999
• 22 Schwarzer, R., "Understanding and preventing teacher burnout" Cambridge University Press 238-246, 1999
• 23 Orth, I., "Un bewusstes in der the rapeutischen Arbeit mit kuenstlerischen methoden und kreativen medien" 1 : 321-339, 1995
• 24 rmrjdlDickes, S. J., "Treating sexually abused children versus adults: An exploration of secondary traumatic stress and vicarious traumatization among therapists" California School of Professional Psychology 1998
• 25 Green, B. L., "Trauma and lts wake: The study and treatment of post traumatic stree disorder" Burnner/Mazel, Publishers 53-72, 1985
• 26 Friedlander, M. L., "Trainee's expectation for the supervixory process : Testing a developmental model" 23 : 342-348, 1983
• 27 Acker, M., "The use of supervision matrix. an expert from supervision workshop; The matrix model"
• 28 Pearlman, L. A., "The trauma and attachment belief scale manual"
• 29 Ko, E. H., "The study on the experience of the burnout and the type of coping of the child counselor" 4 (4): 3-14, 2001
• 30 Macran, S., "The role of personal therapy for therapists : a review" 71 : 13-25, 1998
• 31 Camerlengo, H., "The role of coping style, job-related stress, and personal victimization history in the vicarious traumatization of professionals who work with abused youth" Rutgers University 2002
• 32 Skovholt, T. M., "The resilient practitioner:Burnout prevention and self-care strategies for counselors, therapists, teachers, and health professionals" Allyn & Bacon 2001
• 33 Han, I. Y., "The relationship on traumatic events experienced by soldiers in public service and PTSD symptoms, depression and social support" 2 (2): 25-51, 2009
• 34 Yoo, J. H, "The relations of PTSD symptoms, emotional states, coping styleand social support in urban fire fighters" Catholic National University 2006
• 35 Norcross, J. C., "The psychotherapists' own psychotherapy : Educating and developing psycholoists" 60 : 840-850, 2005
• 36 Norcross, J. C., "The process and outcomes of psychotherapists' personal treatment experiences" 25 (25): 136-143, 1988
• 37 Kim, B. K., "The mediating effect of trauma belief between secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma of counselors who work with victims of sexual abuse and prostitution" Ewha Womans University 2012
• 38 Ko, Y. B., "The influence factors of secondary traumatic stress of child protective service workers" Ewha Womans University 2008
• 39 Freeman. E., "The importance of feedback in clinical supervision: Implication for direct practice" 3 : 5-26, 1985
• 40 Jex, S. M., "The impact of self-efficacy on stressor-strain relations : Coping style as an exploratory mechanism" 86 : 401-409, 2001
• 41 Lee, O. J., "The effects of police officers'traumatic event experiences on post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) symtoms: Focusing on the mediating & Moderating effects of coping strategies and social support" Seoul National University 2010
• 42 Lim, K. W., "The effects of counselor development level and countetransference utilization ability on counseling outcome" Seoul Women's University 2008
• 43 Kim, M. S., "The effect on sooting ability and psychological well-being by the secondary traumatic stress of sexual violence counselor:Moderating effect of social support" Kwangwoon University 2012
• 44 Williams, M. B., "The PTSD Workbook: Simple, Effective Techniques for Overcoming Traumatic Stress Symptoms" 2002
• 45 Baron& Kenny, "The Moderator Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research : Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations" 51 (51): 1173-1182, 1986
• 46 Stetze, T. A., "The Importance of Self-Efficacy in the Moderating Effects of Social Support on Stressor-Strain Relationship" 20 (20): 49-59, 2006
• 47 Ko, N. R., "The Effect of Emotional Regulation Difficulties and Interpersonal Problem who had Complex Trauma in Childhood" Ewha Womans University 2008
• 48 Bernard, J. M., "Supervisor training : A discrimination model" 19 : 60-68, 1979
• 49 Loganbill, C., "Supervision : a conceptualmodel" 10 : 3-42, 1982
• 50 Stoltenberg, C. D., "Supervising counselors and therapists" Jossey-Bas 1987
• 51 Betoret, F. D., "Stressors, Self-efficacy, coping resources, and burnout among secondary school teachers in spain" 26 (26): 519-539, 2009
• 52 Delia, C., "Stress in clinical psychologists" 42 : 141-149, 1996
• 53 Mallinckrodt, B., "Social support and the impact of job loss in dislocated blue-collar workers" 39 : 482-489, 1992
• 54 Benight, C. C., "Social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recovery : The role of perceived self-efficacy" 42 : 1129-1148, 2004
• 55 Sommer, C., "Sexual violence counselors' reflections on supervision : Using stories to mitigate vicarious traumatization" 19 (19): 3-16, 2006
• 56 Benight, C. C., "Self-evaluative appraisals of coping capability and posttraumatic distress following motor vehicle accidents" 76 : 677-685, 2008
• 57 Betoret, F. D., "Self-efficacy, school resources, job stressors and burnout among Spanish primary and secondary school teachers : A structural equation approach" 29 (29): 45-68, 2006
• 58 Price, M., "Secondary traumatization: Vulnerability factors for mental health professionals" University of Texas 2001
• 59 Kassam-Adams, N., "Secondary traumatic stress: Self care issues for clinicians, research and educators" Sidran Press 37-47, 1999
• 60 Salston, M., "Secondary traumatic stress effects of working with survivors of criminal victimization" 16 : 167-174, 2003
• 61 Jenkins, S. R., "Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma : A validational study" 15 (15): 423-432, 2002
• 62 Creamer, T. L., "Secondary traumatic stress among disaster mental health workers responding to the september 11 attacks" 18 (18): 89-96, 2005
• 63 Chrestman, K. R., "Secondary trauma stress: Self-care issues for clincians, researches and educators" Sidran Press 37-47, 1999
• 64 Creamer, T. L., "Secondary trauma and coping processes among disaster mental health workers responding to the september 11 attacks" Auburn University 2002
• 65 Heses, A. R., "Secondary trauma : how working with trauma surviors affects therapists" 30 (30): 293-309, 2002
• 66 Canfield, J., "Secondary Traumatization, burnout and vicarious traumatization : A review of the literature as it relates to therapists who treat trauma" 75 (75): 81-101, 2005
• 67 Slattery, S. M., "Secondary Traumatic Stress Among Domestic Violence Advocates: Workplace Risk and Protective Factors" 15 (15): 1358-1373, 2009
• 68 Larson, L. M., "Review of the Counseling Self-Efficacy"
• 69 Watkins, C. E., "Psychotherapy supervision in the 1990s : Some obser vations and reflections" 49 (49): 568-581, 1995
• 70 Bike, D. H., "Processes and outcomes of psychotherapists’ personal therapy : Replication and extension 20 years later" 46 (46): 333-354, 2009
• 71 Kline, R. B., "Principles and practice of structural equation modeling" Guilford Press 2010
• 72 Kline, R. B., "Principles and practice of structural equation modeling" Guilford Press 2010
• 73 Ortlepp, K., "Prevalence and correlates of secondary traumatic stress in workplace lay trauma counselors" 15 : 213-222, 2002
• 74 Trippany, R. L., "Predictors of vicarious traumatization: Female therapists for adult survivors versus female therapists for child survivors of sexual victimization" University of Alabama 2000
• 75 Regehr, C., "Predictors of posttraumatic distress in child welfare workers : A linear structural equation model" 26 : 331-346, 2004
• 76 Beutler, L, E., "Predictors of differential and self directed psychotherapeutic prochdures" 59 : 1991
• 77 Peebles, M. J., "Personal therapy and ability to display empathy, warmth and genuineness in psychotherapy" 17 : 258-262, 1980
• 78 Kottler, J. A, "On being a therapist (reved.)" Jossey-Bass 1993
• 79 Follette, V. M., "Mental health and law enforcement professionals : Trauma history, psychological symptoms and impact of providing services to child sexual abuse survivors" 25 : 275-282, 1994
• 80 Freeman-Longo, R. E., "Introduction: A personal & professional perspective on burnout" Impact: Working with Sexual Abusers 51-60, 1997
• 81 Gottfried, Victoria M., "Indirect trauma syndrome: Empirical validation of a model that synthesizes secondary and vicarious trauma"
• 82 Rich, K. D., "Impact: Working with sexual abusers" Safer Society Press 75-88, 1997
• 83 Cunningham, M., "Impact of trauma work on social work clinicians : Empirical findings" 48 : 451-459, 2003
• 84 Son, J. H., "Identification and classification of the obstructive factors to counselor awareness in counseling process" 2 (2): 163-180, 2001
• 85 Smith, A. J., "How therapists cope with clients’ traumatic experiences" 17 : 203-215, 2007
• 86 Bernard, J. M., "Fundamentals of clinical supervision" Allyn & Bacon 2004
• 87 Jung, Y. J., "Factorsassociatedwithsecondary traumaamong self-efficacy and client viloence of workers in the field of counseling for female victims of violence: Focusing on the mediating effect of coping strategie" Chungnam National University 2011
• 88 Iliffe, G., "Exploring the counselor’s experience of working with perpetrators and survivors of domestic violence" 15 : 393-412, 2000
• 89 Wiseman, H., "Experienced psychoanalytically oriented therapists' narrative accounts of their personal therapy : Impacts on professional and personal development" 38 (38): 129-141, 2001
• 90 Worthington, E. I., "Effective supervision and perceived by beginning counselorin training" 26 : 64-73, 1979
• 91 Schaubroeck, J., "Divergent effects of job control on coping work stressors : The key role of self-efficacy" 40 (40): 738-754, 1997
• 92 American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-5th edition (DSM-5)" American Psychiatric Association 2013
• 93 van der Kolk, B. A, "Developmental trauma disorder" 35 : 401-402, 2005
• 94 Bride, B. E., "Development and validation of the secondary traumatic stress scale" 14 (14): 27-35, 2004
• 95 Larson, L. M., "Development and validation of the Counseling Self-Estimate Inventory" 39 : 105-120, 1992
• 96 Wiley, M. O., "Counseling supervision by development level" 33 : 439-445, 1986
• 97 Johnson, E., "Counseling self-efficacy and counseling competence in prepracticum training" 28 (28): 205-218, 1989
• 98 Prati, G., "Coping strategies and collective efficacy as mediators between stress appraisal and quality of life among rescue workers" 18 : 181-195, 2011
• 99 Tremblay, C., "Coping stategies and social support as midiators of consequences in child sexual abuse victims" 23 : 929-945, 1999
• 100 Hong, S. H., "Contribution of Counselor Self-Efficacy and State-Anxiety to the Working Alliance in the Early Stage of Counseling" Sogang University 2001
• 101 Figley, C. R., "Compassionfatigue: coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized" Routledge 1-20, 1995
• 102 Figley, C. R., "Compassion fatigue : Psychotherapists' chronic lack of self care" 58 : 1433-1441, 2002
• 103 Figley, C. R., "Compassion fatigue" Bruner/Mazel 1995
• 104 Goodyear, J. K., "Clinical supercision : lessons from the literature" 38 (38): 6-25, 1998
• 105 Nelson-Gardell, D., "Childhood abuse history, secondary traumatic stress, and child welfare workers" 5-26, 2003
• 106 Galek, K., "Burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and social support" 5 : 2011
• 107 Perron, B. E., "Burnout and secondary trauma among forensic interviewers of abused children" 23 (23): 216-234, 2006
• 108 Shim, H. S., "Assessment of the developmental levels of korean counselors" Sookmyung Women’s University 1998
• 109 Ergas, J., "An Exploration of the experience of vicarious traumatization among clinical psychology graduate students in training" California Institute of Integral Studies 2012
• 110 Park, J. W., "A study to development a scal of social support" Yonsei University 1985
• 111 Yoon, H. J., "A study of social support daily hassles and maladjustment perceived by adolescents" Seoul National University 1993
• 112 Blase, J. J., "A social-psychological grounded theory of teacher stress and burnout" 18 : 93-111, 1982
• 113 Lee, Y. S., "A Study on the self-efficacy and the countertransference Management ability of the playtherapist" Sookmyung Women's University 2001
• 114 Kim, J. Y., "A Study on the development of the supervision behavior scale for supervisee in play therapy supervision and on the related variables" Sookmyung Women’s University 2009
• 115 Kim, M. A., "A Study on the coping strategies to child protective service workers'secondary traumatic stress and Its impact on self-efficacy" Ewha Womans University 2002
• 116 Park, H. C., "A Study on a client violence experienced social worker's posttraumatic stress" Sogang University 2010
• 117 Benatar, M., "A Qualitative study of the effects of a history of childhood sexual abuse on therapists who treat survivors of sexual abuse" 1 (1): 9-28, 2000