Measures of political attitudes

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiii
• CHAPTER 1 Scale Selection and Evaluation / John P. Robinson ; Phillip R. Shaver ; Lawrence S. Wrightsman = 1
• Contents of This Volume = 2
• Evaluative Criteria = 5
• Future Volumes = 15
• Appendix
• Specialized Political Attitude Scales = 15
• Cultural Cosmopolitanism Scale(Robinson & Zill, 1997) = 16
• Local Cosmopolitan Scale(Dye, 1963) = 19
• Cosmopolitanism Scale(Jennings, 1965) = 21
• Social Responsibility Scale(Berkowitz & Lutterman, 1968) = 23
• Citizen Duty Scale(Campbell, Gurin & Miller, 1954) = 25
• Sociotropic Evaluations(MacKuen, Erikson & Stimson, 1992) = 27
• Diffuse Support for the Supreme Court(Caldeira & Gibson, 1992 ; Tanenhaus & Murphy, 1981) = 29
• Beliefs about the Distribution of Power(Form & Rytina, 1969) = 31
• New Ecological Consciousness(Ellis & Thompson, 1997) = 33
• References = 35
• CHAPTER 2 Maximizing Questionnaire Quality / Jon A. Krosnick = 37
• Acquiescence = 38
• Rating-Scale Formats = 42
• The Order of Response Alternatives = 43
• No-Opinion Filters and Attitude Strength = 43
• Social Desirability = 44
• Rating versus Closed Questions = 50
• Open versus Closed Questions = 50
• Introspection = 51
• Conclusion = 51
• Acknowledgments = 52
• References = 52
• CHAPTER 3 Liberalism and Conservatism / Kathleen Knight = 59
• Dimensionality and the Bipolar Assumption = 60
• Scope of the Definition = 60
• Direct Measures of Liberalism-Conservatism = 61
• Macroideology : The Problem of Trends = 66
• Multi-Item Measures of Liberalism-Conservatism = 69
• Scales Attitudes Statement and Referent Scales(Kerlinger, 1984) = 83
• Polarity Scale(Tomkins, 1964 : Stone & Schaffner, 1997) = 90
• Inventory of Social Attitudes(Eysenck, 1951) = 98
• Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale(RWA)(Altemeyer, 1988, 1990, 1996) = 102
• Wilson-Patterson Attitude Inventory(WPAI) Conservatism Scale(Wilson & Patterson, 1989) = 106
• S Swedish Conservatism Scale(Sidanius, 1976, 1991 ; Nilsson & Ekehammar, 1989) = 111
• Conservatism of American Public Opinion(Ray, 183) = 115
• Conservatism Scale(McClosky, 1958, 1979) = 118
• Ideological Agreement with Goldwater Scale(Selznick & Steinberg, 1966) = 124
• New Left Ideology Scale(Gold, Christie, & Friedman, 1976) = 126
• Radicalism-Conservatism Scale(Comrey & Newmeyer, 1965) = 133
• Moral Traditionalism Scale(Conover & Feldman, 1985) = 138
• Moral Conservatism Scale(Wald, Owen, & Hill, 1988) = 140
• Moral conservatism Index(Woodrum, 1988) = 141
• Acknowledgments = 143
• Appendix
• Ideological Trends from General Social Survey Items = 143
• The Effect of Education = 154
• Party and Ideology = 148
• Reference = 148
• CHAPTER 4 Economic Values an Inequality / Stanley Feldman = 159
• Individualism and Egalitarianism = 160
• Measuring Socioeconomic Values and Beliefs = 163
• Measures Reviewed in This Chapter = 164
• Conclusions = 166
• American National Election Studies Egalitarianism Scale(Feldman, 1988) = 167
• Egalitarianism and Inegalitarianism Sclaes(Kluegel & Smith, 1986) = 169
• Protestant Ethic Scale(Mirels & Garrett, 1971) = 171
• American National Election Studies Individualism Scales(Markus, 1990) = 174
• Capitalist Values Scale(McClosky & Zaller, 1984 ; Chong, McClosky, & Zaller, 1983) = 176
• Explanations for Poverty Scales(Feagin, 1975 ; Kluegel & Smith, 1986) = 179
• American National Election Studies Humanitarianism Scale(Steenbergen, 1995) = 181
• Additional Sources of Questions = 183
• Appendix : National Data from General Social Survey = 184
• References = 200
• CHAPTER 5 Democratic Values and Political Tolerance / Steven E. Finkel ; Lee Sigelman ; Stan Humphries = 203
• The Early Classics = 205
• Reconsidering Political Tolerance = 209
• Subsequent Research on Support for Democratic Values = 215
• Future Research Directions = 224
• Scales Reviewed Here = 227
• Fundamental Principles of Democracy(Prothro & Grigg, 1960) = 229
• Democratic Principles and Applications(McClosky, 1964) = 232
• Support for Democratic Principles(Kaase, 1971) = 235
• Democratic Values Scale(McClosky & Zaller, 1984) = 238
• Multi-Dimensional Scale of Democratic Values(Gibson, Duch & Tedin 1992) = 244
• Index of Pro-Democracy Orientation(Reisinger, Miller, Hesli, & Maher, 1994 ; Miller, Hesli, & Resinger, 1995) = 249
• Attitudes towards Democracy(Whitefield & Evans, 1996) = 252
• Support for Democracy(Weil, 1989, 1993, 1996) = 254
• Willingness to Tolerate Nonconformists(Stouffer, 1955) = 259
• Repression Potential(Marsh & Kaase, 1979) = 264
• Content-Controlled Measure of Political Tolerance(Sullivan, Piereson, & Marcus, 1982) = 266
• Dimensions of Political Tolerance(Gibson & Bingham, 1982) = 271
• Omnibus Civil Liberties Scale(McClosky & Brill, 1983) = 276
• Political Tolerance Scale(Duckitt & Farre, 1994) = 284
• Appendix : GSS Data on Tolerance = 285
• References = 291
• CHAPTER 6 Racial Attitudes / Monica Biernat ; Christian S. Crandall = 297
• Item Content and Historical Context = 299
• Social Desirability and College Student Samples = 300
• Measures Reviewed Here = 300
• Overview of the Scales = 302
• Single Items from National Surveys = 305
• Conclusions = 308
• Future Directions = 310
• Multifactor Racial Attitudes Inventory(MRAI)(Woodmansee & Cook, 1967) = 312
• Multifactor Racial Attitudes Inventory-Short Scale(MRAI-SS)(Ard & Cook, 1977) = 322
• Racial Attitudes Scale(RAS)(Sidanius, Pratto, Martin, & Stallworth, 1991) = 327
• Attitudes toward Blacks(ATB)(Brigham, 1993) = 330
• Attitudes toward Whites(ATW)(Brigham, 1993) = 333
• Socila Distance Scale(Bogardus, 1928, 1933, 1959) = 335
• Social Distance Scale Variation 1 : Social Scale(Byrnes & Kiger, 1988) = 340
• Social Distance Scale Variation 2 : Social Distance Questionnaire(Crandall, 1991) = 341
• Modern Racism Scale(MRS)(McConahay, Hardee, & Batts, 1981) = 344
• New Racism Scale(NRS)(Jacobson, 1985) = 351
• Pro-Black／Anti-Black Attitudes Questionnaire(PAAQ)(Katz & Hass, 1988) = 354
• Social Scenarios Scale(Byrnes & Kiger, 1988) = 358
• Quick Discrimination Index(QDI)(Ponterotto, Burkard, Rieger, Grieger, D'Onofrio, Dubuisson, Heenehan, Millstein, Parisi, Rath, & Sax, 1995) = 363
• Racial Resentment Scale(RRS)(Kinder & Sanders, 1996) = 367
• British Prejudice Scale(Lepore & Brown, 1997) = 370
• Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Sclaes(Pettigrew & Meertens, 1995) = 373
• Prejudice Index(Bobo & Kluegel, 1993) = 377
• Racial Stereotypes Measure(Peffley, Hurwitz, & Snideman, 1997) = 380
• Social Dominance Orientation(SDO) Scale(Sidanius & Pratto, 1993; Pratto, Sidanius, Stallworth, & Malle, 1994) = 383
• Universal Orientation Scale(UOS)(Phillips & Ziller, 1997) = 388
• Appendix A : Individual Racial Attitude Items from the NES = 391
• Appendix B : Individual Radial Attitude Items from the GSS = 395
• Appendix C : Individual Racial Attitude Items from the Race and Politics Survey = 399
• Appendix D : Selected Sources for Additional Measures of Race-Related Attitudes = 401
• References = 404
• CHAPTER 7 Political Alienation and Efficacy / Mary Jo Reef ; David Knoke = 413
• Measures of Political Alienation and Efficacy = 416
• Trends and Correlates of Political Alienation from the General Social Survey = 420
• Recommendations = 422
• Future Research = 422
• Political Efficacy Scale(Campbell, Gurin, & Miller, 1954) = 424
• Political Efficacy Scale(Verba, Schlozman, & Brady, 1995) = 427
• Political Alienation Scale(Thompson & Horton, 1960) = 429
• Political Alienation Scale(McDill & Ridley, 1962) = 431
• Political Alienation Scale(Malik, 1982) = 433
• Political Alienation Scale(General Social Survey)(Davis & Smith, 1996) = 434
• Local Government Alienation Scales (Zimmer, 1983) = 436
• Political Estrangement Scales(Schwartz, 1973) = 438
• Political Incapability and Political Discontent Scales(Olsen, 1969) = 442
• Efficacy／Powerlessness and Process Commitment Scales(Watts, 1973) = 445
• Political Estrangement and Political Powerlessness Scales(Ross, 1975) = 447
• Political Powerlessness and Political Normlessness Scales(Finifter, 1970) = 450
• Political Normlessness Scale(Schoultz, 1978) = 454
• Political Support-Alienation Scale(Muller, Jukam, & Seligson, 1982) = 456
• Political Support Scale(Muller & Jukam, 1977) = 459
• References = 462
• CHAPTER 8 Trust in Government / Jack Citrin ; Christopher Muste = 465
• Conceptual and Measurement Issues = 466
• Measures Reviewed Here = 469
• Recommendations and Future Directions = 478
• Trust in Government Scale(Miller, 1974) = 481
• Political Trust and System Evaluation Scales(Mason, House, & Martin, 1985) = 484
• Trust in Government Scale(Muller & Jukam, 1977) = 486
• Trust in the Incumbent Congress and the Presidency Items(Abramson & Finifter, 1981) = 488
• Trust in Member of Congress Scale(Parker & Parker, 1989) = 490
• Trust in Local Government Scale(Baldassare, 1985) = 493
• Incumbent-Based Trust Scale(Craig, Niemi, & Silver, 1990) = 494
• Governmental Attentiveness Scale(Bennett, 1984) = 496
• Confidence in Governmental and Other Institutions Scale(Smith, 1981) = 499
• Political Cynicism Scale(Agger, Goldstein, & Pearl, 1961) = 501
• Political Cynicism Scale(Citrin & Elkins, 1975) = 503
• Political Cynicism Scale(Baloyra, 1979) = 505
• Political Cynicism Scale(Sinderman, 1981) = 507
• Regime-Based Trust Scale(Craig, Niemi, & Silver, 1990) = 509
• Political Allegiance Index(Citrin, McClosky, Shanks, & Sniderman, 1975) = 511
• Political Support Typology(Sniderman, 1981) = 512
• Political Support Scale(Muller & Jukam, 1997) = 514
• Judicial Legitimacy Scale(Tyler, 1990) = 516
• Democratic Legitimacy(McDonough, Barnes, & Lopez-Pina, 1986) = 518
• Political Support Index(Miller, 1991) = 521
• Political Criticism Scale(Baloyra, 1979) = 523
• Support for Democratic Institutions(Schmitt, 1983) = 525
• Support for the Political Community(Sniderman, 1981) = 526
• Affective Support Scales(Kornberg & Clarke, 1992) = 527
• Government Power Scale(Benntt & Bennett, 1990) = 529
• Reference = 530
• CHAPTER 9 International Attitudes / Jon Hurwiz ; Mark Peffley = 533
• Chapter Organization = 535
• International Attitudes in the General Social Survey = 541
• Directions for Future Research = 545
• Patriotism Scale(ANES, 1987) = 546
• Patriotism-Nationalism Questionmaire(Kosterman & Feshbach, 1989) = 548
• Patriotism Scale(Sullivan, Fried, Theiss-Morse, & Dietz, 1992) = 553
• National Involvement Scales(DeLamater, Katz, & Kelman, 1969) = 563
• National Image Scale(Hurwitz, Peffley, & Seligson, 1993) = 568
• Differential National Image Scale(Kurbanov & Robinson, 1997) = 570
• Cooperative and Militant Internationalism Scale(Wittkopf, 1990) = 572
• Militant and Cooperative Internationalism Scale(Holsti & Rosenau, 1990) = 579
• Militarism Scale(Peffley & Hurwitz, 1987) = 582
• Attitude toward War Scale(Stagner, 1942) = 585
• References = 588
• CHAPTER 10 Political Information / Vincent Price = 591
• Origins and Development of Scholarly Interest = 592
• Conceptual Definition = 595
• Alternative Measurement Strategies = 597
• Empirical Performance = 603
• Scales Selected for Review = 607
• Recommendations and Future Lines of Development = 609
• Political Knowledge Scale(Delli Carpini & Keeter, 1996) = 610
• Political Awareness(Zaller, 1986, 1992) = 614
• News Recall Scale(Robinson & Levy, 1986 ; Price & Zaller, 1993 ; Price, 1993) = 619
• Political Information Scale(lyengar, 1986 ; Zaller, 1986) = 622
• Candidate Like／Dislike Responses(Kessel, 1980 ; Smith, 1989) = 625
• Information Holding(Luskin, 1987) = 628
• Issue Awareness Index(Patterson & McClure, 1976) = 632
• Information about Foreign Countries(Robinson, 1967) = 634
• References = 636
• CHAPTER 11 Political Agendas / J. Merrill Shanks = 641
• Putting Specific Issues in a Broader Political Context = 643
• Direct Individual-Level Measures = 647
• Importance Based on Statistical Relationships = 665
• Importance in Explaining Aggregate Electoral Results = 676
• Conclusion = 678
• References = 680
• CHAPTER 12 Political Partisanship / Herbert F. Weisberg = 681
• Types of Partisanship Measures Reviewed in This Chapter = 682
• Direction of Partisanship = 683
• Party Identification Scale(Campbell, Gurin, & Miller, 1954 ; Campbell, Converse, Miller, & Stokes, 1960) = 698
• Party Thermometer Scales = 701
• Party Image Scales(Matthews & Prothro, 1966) = 704
• Party Closeness Scale(Barnes, Jennings, Inglehart, & Farah, 1988) = 706
• Strength of Partisanship = 708
• Standard Folded Party Strength Scale(Campbell, Gurin, Miller, 1954 ; Campbell, Converse, Miller, & Stokes, 1960) = 710
• Political Independence and Party System Support = 712
• NES Independence Classification(Campbell, Gurin, & Miller, 1954 ; Campbell, Converse, Miller, & Stokes 1960) = 718
• Dennis Independence Scales(Dennis, 1988b) = 719
• Dimensionality of Partisanship = 721
• Partisanship Outside of the United States = 724
• Future Directions = 728
• References = 729
• CHAPTER 13 Political Participation / Henry E. Brady = 737
• Six Major Political Participation Studies = 744
• The Political Activities Approach = 766
• Institutions Approach = 783
• Problems and Needs Approach = 788
• Validity of Measures and Social Desirability Bias = 789
• Conclusions = 794
• Acknowledgments = 796
• References = 796
• Data Sets Referenced and Used = 800