국제공역 보호를 위한 항만국 관할권 = Port State Jurisdiction for the protection of the international public domain

국문 초록 (Abstract)

항만국 관할권은 주권행사지역인 자국의 항구에 자발적으로 들어온 자국 및 외국 선박에 대하여 공해 환경 보호와 관련된 국제법 규칙 위반 여부를 조사하고, 위반시 집행조치 또는 소송을 제기할 수 있는 권한을 말한다. 항만국 관할권은 해양법이 ``연안국 對 기국``이라는 기본 구도에서 탈피하고 있음을 보여준다. 즉, 국가들이 자국과 직접적인 관련이 없더라도 보편적 이익인 국제공역 보호를 위하여 행동할 필요가 있음을 자각한 것이다. 그러나 유엔해양법협약 제218조 1항이 의도한 이와 같은 혁신적 시도는 항만국이 공해상 불법 배출 선박에 대한 소송제기권한을 행사하지 않음으로써 성공하지 못하였다. 이러한 문제점을 인식하고 최근 국가들은 항만국 관할권을 재량사항에서 의무사항으로 발전시키고 있다. 국제협약과 지역수산기구는 편의항만국 발생을 방지하고, 국가들에게 공해상 불법·비보고·비규제 어업을 예방, 근절하기 위한 조치를 자국 항구에서 취할 것을 의무화하고 있다. 이로써 항만국 관할권은 공해 자원 보호를 위한 국제공동체 모든 구성원의 공동 책임이 실현되는 중요한 예로 탈바꿈하게 되었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Port State Jurisdiction means the power to investigate and institute proceedings against a foreign ship voluntarily entering the port when the ship allegedly violates international rules on the protection of the marine environment on the high seas. The development of this concept illustrates that fundamental framework of the law of the Sea breaks gradually from the ``confrontation between the coastal State and flag State``. Therefore, it is argued that States need to more actively act for the protection of an international public domain which belongs to universal interests, regardless of their own interests. However, such an innovative attempt that Article 218 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea intended is not so successful or at least looks perfunctory because of the indifferent attitudes of Port States to the jurisdiction. Any Port State does not exercise this permissive jurisdiction to institute legal proceedings regarding illegal vessel discharge on the high seas. In the response to these challenges, States agree to transform the concept of jurisdiction from the right to intervene into the obligation to intervene. This effort is achieved through the Agreement on Port State Measures adopted in the FAO in 2009 and the application of Port State measures in Regional Fisheries Management Organizations. Consequently, States are legally obliged to take measures to prevent and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing on the high seas while port of convenience practice is no longer allowed. Finally, the Port State Jurisdiction serves as one of the most meaningful examples which assume the common responsibility of the international community to protect the marine resources of the high seas.

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