見-피동문의 출현 배경 및 소멸 원인 연구 = The emergence and decline of the 見-passive construction in late Old and early Middle Chinese

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In Old and Middle Chinese, various passive constructions were used, such as prepositional phrases with [于/於+agent], [見+verb] structure, 為-passive, and 被-passive. This paper explores the emergence, flourishing period, and causes of the decline of the 見-passive construction, which has been relatively underexplored in previous research.
Early Old Chinese(from the 8th to 9th c. B.C.) displayed features of an inflectional language, with morphological markers indicating passivity(*N-, *-s), which is the shared characteristic of Proto-Sino-Tibetan languages. Thus, early Old Chinese did not require auxiliary verbs to mark the passive because it could indicate passivity through affixation.
In Late Old Chinese, however, Chinese language gradually lost inflectional characteristics and became more isolating. The loss of passive-marking affixes created a grammatical gap, prompting the use of 見 (meaning ‘to see’ or ‘to encounter’) as an auxiliary passive marker. The verb 見 was semantically well-suited to grammaticalize into a passive marker. The [見+verb] structure first appeared primarily in literary Chinese(文言文) texts during this period.
The decline of the 見-passive construction can be attributed to the following four main reasons: (1) Syntactic limitations of the 見-passive, particularly its inability to mark the agent.
(2) The rise of the [被+verb] construction.
(3) The decline of literary Chinese as a medium.
(4) The polysemy and multifunctionality of 見.
In addition to serving as a transitive verb, 見 also functioned as an intransitive verb (meaning ‘to appear’) and a causative verb (meaning ‘to show’). It was used both as a passive marker (in the form [Patient+見+Vtr])and in structures where the subject is semantically an agent ([Agent+見+Vtr]).
Therefore, during Early Middle Chinese (especially in the Six Dynasties period), the [Subject+見+Vtr] structure could be interpreted as an active or a passive sentence. As a result, 見-passive was rapidly replaced by the more explicit 被 -passive to resolve this ambiguity.

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