Feminization of Migration and Global Gender Injustice

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 논문의 목적은 이주의 여성화를 규범적인 관점에서 평가하는데 있다. 이를 위해 논문은 다음의 세 가지 작업을 진행한다. 첫째, 이주의 여성화를 젠더화된 국내외의 제도에서 형성된 체계적이고 패턴화된 여성이주로 특징짓는다. 젠더화된 국내외 제도의 복잡한 관계는 여성들의 집단적인 이주를 생성, 유지, 공고화하는 맥락이 된다. 이러한 특징의 이주의 여성화 사례로 필리핀에서 홍콩으로 이주하는 여성노동이주와 베트남에서 한국으로 이주하는 여성결혼이주를 살펴본다. 둘째, 이주의 여성화를 규범적으로 평가하기 위해 토머스 포기(Thomas Pogge)의 글로벌 정의 논의에 주목한다. 포기는 전 세계적 빈곤과 경제 불평등 문제를 다루기 위하여 ‘글로벌 제도 질서(global institutional order)’ 개념을 사용한다. ‘글로벌 제도 질서’의 시각에서 본다면, 이주하는 개인의 문제가 아니고, 또한 이주를 받아들이는 국가의 문제도 아닌, 글로벌 질서의 측면에서 국제이주를 분석할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 셋째, 포기의 논의를 이론 틀로 하여 이주의 여성화를 평가해 본다. 무엇보다도 논문은 이주의 여성화가 생산, 유지, 공고화되는 젠더화된 국내외의 제도적 맥락을 평가함으로써, 어떻게 이러한 제도가 글로벌 젠더 부정의과 이주여성의 취약성과 밀접한 관련이 있는지를 밝힐 수 있는 장점이 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The primary purpose of this paper is to explore feminization of migration from a normative perspective. For this purpose, this study attempts to relate feminization of migration to the issue of global gender injustice. Feminization of migration is characterized as a patterned migratory movement of women constituted in the domestic and global context of gendered institutions and structures. The complex relationship between domestic and global levels of gendered institutional structures provides a context for producing and reproducing feminization of migration. This paper does not intend to demonstrate that feminization of migration itself is unjust. Rather, relying on some theoretical insights from Thomas Pogge’s accounts of global justice, it purposes to access domestic and global institutional structures on which feminization of migration is placed. This paper plans to show how the gendered context of domestic and global institutional structures, wherein feminization of migration is located, is closely associated with global gender inequality and the vulnerability of migrant women.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Abstract
• Ⅰ. Introduction
• Ⅱ. Feminization of Migration: A Systemic Migratory Movement of Gender
• Ⅲ. Thomas Pogge on Global Justice
• Ⅳ. An Institutional Analysis of Feminization of Migration
• Ⅴ. Conclusion
• References
• 국문요약

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 Pogge, Thomas, "World Poverty and Human Rights: Cosmopolitan Responsibilities and Reforms. 2nd" Polity Press 2008
• 2 Sassen, Sakia, "Women’s Burden: Counter-Geographies of Globalization and the Feminization of Survival" (71) : 255-274, 2002
• 3 Oishi, Nana, "Women in Motion: Globalization, State Policies, and Labor Migration in Asia" Stanford University Press 2005
• 4 Piper, Nicola, "Wife or Worker? Asian Women and Migration" Rowman & Littlefield 1-22, 2003
• 5 Carens, Joseph, "Who Should Get In? The Ethics of Immigration Decisions" 17 (17): 95-110, 2003
• 6 Williams, Joan, "Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It" Oxford University Press 2000
• 7 Jaggar, Alison, "Transnational Cycles of Gendered Vulnerability" 37 (37): 33-52, 2009
• 8 Young, Iris Marion, "Toward a Humanist Justice: The Political Philosophy of Susan Moller Okin" Oxford University Press 223-237, 2009
• 9 Nagle, Thomas, "The Problem of Global Justice" 33 (33): 113-147, 2005
• 10 Belanger, Daniele, "The Impact of Transnational Migration on Gender and Marriage in Sending Communities of Vietnam" 59 (59): 59-77, 2011
• 11 Battistella, Graziano, "The Impact of Labor Migration on the Children Left behind: A Study of Elementary School Children in the Philippines" 13 (13): 220-241, 1998
• 12 Anderson, Benedict, "The Global Politics of Domestic Labor" Zed Books 2000
• 13 Bader, Veit, "The Ethics of Immigration" 12 (12): 331-361, 2005
• 14 Walzer, Michael, "Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality" Basic Books 1987
• 15 Ackerman, Bruce, "Social Justice in the Liberal State" Yale University Press 1980
• 16 Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar, "Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration, and Domestic Work" Stanford University Press 2001
• 17 Asis, Maruja M. B, "Recent Trends in International Migration in Asia and the Pacific" 20 (20): 15-38, 2005
• 18 Pogge, Thomas, "Politics as Usual: What Lies Behind the Pro-poor Rhetoric" Polity 2010
• 19 Hochschild, Arlie Russell, "On the Edge: Living with Global Capitalism" Vintage 130-146, 2000
• 20 Sassen-Koob, Sakia, "Notes on the Incorporation of Third World Women into Wage-Labor Through Immigration and Off-Shore Production" 18 (18): 1144-1167, 1984
• 21 Piper, Nicola, "New Perspectives on Gender and Migration: Livelihood, Rights and Entitlements" Routledge 159-188, 2008
• 22 Piper, Nicola, "New Perspectives on Gender and Migration: Livelihood, Rights and Entitlements" Routledge 1-18, 2008
• 23 Miller, David, "National Responsibility and Global Justice" Oxford University Press 2007
• 24 Agrawal, Anuja, "Migrant Women and Work" Sage Publications 21-45, 2006
• 25 Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar, "Migrant Women and Work" Sage Publications 95-115, 2006
• 26 Seol, Dong- Hong, "Marriage-Based Immigrants and Their Families in Korea: Current Status and Policy Measures" Ministry of Gender Equality and Family 2006
• 27 김희강, "Marriage Migration Between South Korea and Vietnam: A Gender Perspective" 극동문제연구소 36 (36): 531-563, 2012
• 28 Belanger, Daniele, "Marriage Migrants as Emigrants" 7 (7): 89-105, 2011
• 29 Okin, Susan, "Justice, Gender, and the Family" Basic Books 1989
• 30 Koser, Khalid, "International Migration: A Very Short Introduction" Oxford University Press 2007
• 31 Yeoh, Brenda S. A, "International Marriages in the Time of Globalization" Nova Science Publishers 2010
• 32 Morokvasic, Mirjana, "In and out of the Labor Market: Immigrant and Minority Women in Europe" 19 (19): 459-484, 1993
• 33 Ehrenreich, Barbara, "Global Woman:Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy" Owl Book 2002
• 34 Hochschild, Arlie Russell, "Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy" Owl Book 15-30, 2002
• 35 Zolberg, Aristide R, "Global Trends in Migration: Theory and Research on International Population Movements" The Center for Migration Studies of New York 3-27, 1983
• 36 Mandel, Jon, "Global Justice" Polity 2006
• 37 Standing, Guy, "Global Feminization Through Flexible Labor: A Theme Revisited" 27 (27): 583-602, 1999
• 38 Piper, Nicola, "Gendering the Politics of Migration" 40 (40): 133-164, 2006
• 39 Suzuki, Nobue, "Gender Politics in the Asia-Pacific Region" Routledge 99-119, 2002
• 40 Carling, Jørgen, "Gender Dimensions of International Migration" GCIM 2005
• 41 Seol, Dong-Hoon, "Foreign Wives’ life Korea: Focusing on the Policy of Welfare and Health. Gwacheon City" Ministry of Health and Welfare 2005
• 42 Kukathas, Chandran, "Contemporary Debates in Applies Ethics" Wiley-Blackwell 207-220, 2005
• 43 Lutz, Helma, "At Your Service Madam! The Globalization of Domestic Service" (70) : 89-104, 2002
• 44 Wee, Vivienne, "Asian Women as Transnational Domestic Workers" Marshall Cavendish Academic 175-209, 1995
• 45 Huang, Shirlena, "Asian Women as Transnational Domestic Workers" Marshall Cavendish Academic 2005
• 46 Asis, Maruja M. B, "Asian Women as Transnational Domestic Worker" Marshall Cavendish Academic 21-53, 2005
• 47 Blake, Michael, "A Companion to Applied Ethic" Wiley-Blackwell 224-237, 2001
• 48 Korea National Statistical Office, "2010 Annual Report on the Marriages and Divorces Statistics" KNSO 2011