The importance of protecting groundwater from pollution stems from its increasing use as a source of supply by industries, irrigators and domestic users. It presently represents approximately 15 percent of the total water amount consumed in Korea. By the year 2,000 groundwater may be relied on to supply as much as 30 percent of the amount needed, with the total demand by this time having increased as estimated two hundred percent. Thus if usable quantities of groundwater are to be available to meet this increasing demand, along with the acceleration of its development, its pollution will have to be controlled.
The purposes of this study are to review the hydrologic characteristics with respect to groundwater and its pollution; to inquire into the reasons for groundwater pollution and its present situation in Korea; to investigate the legal and administrative mechanism for prevention of groundwater pollution in Korea along with some inquiry into those in the U.S. and Japan; and to make a few suggestions for prevention of groundwater pollution in Korea.
Groundwater aquifers are generally recharged by infiltrating precipitation. The "recharge zone" of an aquifer is that portion of the land surface which is the principal source of the ground water inflow. The size of the recharge zone relative to the size of the aquifer and the extent to which the recharge zone has clear boundaries may vary considerably. Groundwater flows under the influence of gravity from the recharge zone toward eventual discharge to surface waters at a rate dependent on hydrologic factors. Flow rates are generally extremely slow compared to surface waters; centuries may pass between the time of recharge and the time of discharge.
Understanding several hydrologic facts is crucial to effective groundwater management. First, since ground and surface waters are connected, each cannot be considered in total isolation from the other; polluted groundwater will in most cases discharge eventually to the surface, and polluted surface waters can, in some cases, contaminate groundwater. Second, because groundwater has such low rates of flow and dispersion, the nature of and possible remedies for its pollution are singular. On the other hand, pollution of a portion of an aquifer need not have any effect on safe use of the rest of the aquifer. Conversely, once an aquifer section is polluted, it may remain polluted indefinitely, even if the source of pollution is removed. Though the water may be treated at the time of withdrawal, cleanup of the aquifer itself is not generally possible. Finally, monitoring groundwater quality is fundamentally more difficult than monitoring surface water quality, not only because wells must be dug, but because the lack of mixing in an aquifer means that many samples from different locations are needed in order to get an accurate picture of groundwater quality in an area.
There is no detailed and accurate data with respect to the storage of groundwater in Korea. Among hydrologists it has been a common opinion that there is not a plentiful storage of ground water because of the composition of rocks in Korea. However, the results of investigation which were performed in several areas revealed that a plentiful amount of groundwater storage was found in many areas. It was evidenced by the investigation in several areas that groundwater throughout the country is appropriate for all purposes of water uses. It was shown that total dissolved solids exist at the range of 200 or 300mg/l and thus groundwater is comparatively soft. But it was also revealed in estuaries and industrial areas that the total dissolved solids were more than 1,000mg/l. The range of pH of groundwater was 5.4 or 7.8.
The sources of groundwater pollution in Korea may generally be the direct discharge of liquid waste into the ground through traditional toilets and various kinds of disposal; seepage or leachate from storage and disposal of waste; seepage from improper sewage system and stalls in rural areas.
No attention has been paid to prevention of groundwater by both the government and citizens. No comprehensive law has been enacted to prevent groundwater pollution. There are only two available tools for protecting groundwater from pollution. One is available through Article 236 of the Civil Code, which protects groundwater users from suspension, diminution or other obstruction of groundwater uses. The category of obstruction includes quality obstruction as well as quantity one.
On the other hand, the Implementing Regulations for the Environmental Preservation Act and the Garbage and Waste Cleaning Act include provisions to protect groundwater from pollution. The Regulations require that the facilities for disposal of industrial and domestic solid waste be provided by necessary measures to prevent groundwater pollution. However, there are no specified criteria and methods therefor.
In order to supply a good quality of groundwater in the future, it is imperative for the government to protect groundwater from pollution from the present moment. First of all, the government and citizens must understand the hydrologic characteristics of groundwater and its pollution. Second, a comprehensive law should be enacted to protect groundwater from pollution. Third, to implement the groundwater protection program more effectively, a municipal regulation should be enacted to meet the need which is proper for each municipality. Fourth, the groundwater protection program should be implemented according to the sources of pollution: the pointsource and non-point source pollution. Fifth, one of the most significant methods for protecting groundwater is to establish a legal and administrative mechanism to properly select the site of disposal of waste through adopting the zoning system. Sixth, the existing legal and administrative system for prevention of air, water and soil pollution should be more effectively implemented. This will indirectly contribute to prevention of groundwater pollution. Finally, new technology for protecting groundwater from pollution should be developed.
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