KCI등재
전통 수석정원에 관한 연구 : 삼국시대를 중심으로 = A Study on the " Soo-Sok " ( Rock Arrangement ) in the Traditional Korean Garden ( Especially during the Three Kingdom Period )
저자
민경현 (韓國庭苑文化硏究院長 · 韓國庭苑學會長)
발행기관
학술지명
한국전통조경학회지(Journal of Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture)
권호사항
발행연도
1985
작성언어
Korean
KDC
525.9
등재정보
KCI등재
자료형태
학술저널
발행기관 URL
수록면
335-369(35쪽)
제공처
We have a garden Culture spanning over two thousand years according to the historical records and yet we neglected to appreciate and study it.
Relatively abundant number of gardens and their sites are existent from the Koryo and Chosun period and over one thousand and three hundreds gardens are referred in the literature. However those older gardens during the Three Kingdom period are rather rare not only in actual existence but also in records.
In this study we report on three hundreds and ninety gardens within Korea where we made visits over the past nine years and also those in Japan and Taiwan which are related to Korean gardens and visited several times by us.
The Koguryo gardens in North Korea could not be visited, although their rediscovery and study is reported is academic journals in the North Korea which is referred in Japan and old studies on them during the early twentieth century by Japanese are also consulted.
Our study is extended mainly on the soo-sok 樹石(rock-arranged) gardens of Koguryo, Paekche, Silla and Great Kaya periods. Our purpose is to study the development, styles and technique employed in the rock arrangement which is considered one of the essential elements is the Korean garden end then to develop and modernize further for our present garden culture.
The main results of this study were presented at the sixth academic conference of Korean Traditional garden society on October 1984 and at the seminar on Korea and Japan garden and also at the 23rd World Conference, I.F.L.A. at Kobe, Japan on May 31st, 1982.
I. Stages of developments of the soo-sok garden. Korea had a strong animistic culture which worshipped natural elements such as the sun, rock, mountain, stream or trees since immemorial times.
In the initial stage of the soo-sok garden, natural huge rocks were sanctified and used as an altar or burial site as is domen. At the next bronze stage, human figures or animals are symbolized in figurative rock arrangement and finally during the fourth or fifth century, natural rock landscape was miniturized and developed into the soo-sok gardens.
In the process of these developments, the symbolized rocks represented the four-gods or longevity beliefs and Taoist tradition. Four-gods belief was symbolized by a turtle, dragon or crane atone images while the magical or eschatological world vision was represented by dolmen. The technique of natural rock arrangement makes its appearance in the beginning of fifth century in records and can be found at the Anhakgoong Palace of Koguryo and at the Iksan Palace of Paekche and also at the Anapji lake garden of Silla of the mid-seventh century, when one thousand and one hundred rocks are arranged in the style of Buddhist pure-land garden (Buddha Amidda's Paradise) together with an artificial waterfall. During the early Koryo period, zen rock arrangement became popularized and two characteristics of soo-sok garden can be recognized.
Rocks are easily found in Korea and became widely used as one of the principle elements in their traditional garden with their varied formation, patterns, mystic appeal as well as massive immensity and eternalness.
These soo-sok 樹石(rock arranged) gardens may be classified in the following types:
1) Religious rock arrangement
Early rock arrangement makes its appearance as national altars or tribal dolmens as exemplified by the Chamsungdae altar at the top of Mt. Manisan and the heavenly altar at the top of Mt. Kyungun and hundreds of dolmen scattered all over the nation. The Chamsungdae altar (Altitude: 468m above sea level) is located near the central part of Korea overlooking islands sea and is made of a round base of a circumference of 4.5m and square tower of 2.3m high and central structure of well-cut stone. It is believed built is B.C.2284 and King Yuri of Koguryo (B.C.19-A.D.18) and King Biru of Paekche (A.D.313) are said to have conducted an official ritual here according historical records. The heavenly alter at Mr. Kyungun is a fertility rock of 2.23m high and 0.72m wide with a turtle rock to its south.
The former altar has a structure which represents the ancient cosmological belief in a round heaven and a square flat earth while the latter altar represents the age-old fertility cult with a phallic symbol.
2) Tumulus rock-arrangement
The typical tumulus rock-arrangement is found at Great Kaya's royal tumulus of third or fourth century on the top of a Kaya mountain at Koryong, North Kyungsan province. This tumulus is a earthen mound of a diameter of 26m and a height of 6m and is surrounded with rock arrangements in the east and west side.
In the east, thirty three pieces of rocks representing dragons are arranged while in the went fifteen pieces of turtle rocks are planted on the inclined side of burial mound.
The eastern rocks ate made of three front dragon rocks ahead of two greater dragons and five dragons alongside. The other rocks are grouped is threes. These rocks are heading toward the Kaya'a holy mountain Mt. Kaya and represent the vitality. On the went side are found fourteen pieces of various sized rocks surrounding a turtle rock, which also face Mt. Kayo. These tumulus rock-arrangements symbolize the longevity god belief and Taoist tradition. The eastern dragon rocks and western turtle rocks represent the magical power of creator and thirty three pieces of these rocks in the eastern side seems to represent thirty three gods which are believed living is the heaven. Also the number three is the holy number of the Great Kaya kingdom and this may be seen also in their worship of three main mountains such as Mt. Kumsan, Jogaim and Josan. We believe these rock arrangements on the side of royal tumulus symbolize the life and death of the cosmos or the microcosmos and the macrocosmos.
3) Palace rock-arrangement
Koguryo, Paekche and Sills built Kingdoms during the period of B.C.34 to 18 D.C. according to historical records. Among these we will describe only Koguryo's Aahak palace and Silla's Anapji lake garden.
The Anhakgoong Palace is located 15 kilometers north of Pyuagyang at the foot of Mt, Taesung and built by King Changsoo is AD 427. Its area covers 384,400㎡ and consists of south, north east, west and middle palaces and all of these court yards contain rock arrangements, The largest rock arrangement is found is the court yard of the south palace where as artificial hill of 280m long from east to the west are decorated with excellent rocks is the group of one to three to two. Also in the rear courtyard with as area of 8,000㎡ at the north palace are found many rock arrangements at the hill side, depicting the scenery of the Mt. Kum Kang. In the middle court, there were several spectacular rocks arranged on the ground. These rock arrangements are rather artfully placed in harmony with stately edifices and represents the artificial and artistic rock arrangement technique.
The Anapji lake garden is built by King Munmoo (A.D. 674) of Silla at the east of Moon Castle at Kyungju. It's lake area covers 15,470㎡ and contains three islands while is the northern coast an artificial hill wan built and eleven hundreds or so rocks are artfully arranged to represent a coastal rock scenery. One of the water conduct is connected to the two-tier waterfalls decorated with huge rocks, resembling natural waterfalls.
The rocks at this lake are mostly sandstone and granite. Sandstone rocks number three hundreds and twenty four and arranged to stand up on the hillside, while granite rocks are laid flat at the foot of the hill. We note that shapely rocks are usually arranged singly in and out of water, while rocks are scattered in the lower part of hill and rocks are grouped in the steeper hillside to depict rocky coastal scenery.
4) Rock arrangements in the temple garden
Among the temples of this period with rock arrangement may be found the Chungrungsa temple of Koguryo and the Sunoonsa temple of Paekche. This Koguryo temple was built about 22㎞ to the east of Pyungyang in the early fifth century in the vicinity of the royal tomb of King Tongmyung (B.C. 37 to 19).
To the north west of the temple is found a hill of 14m long from the east to the west and 24m wide from the south to the north with full of rock arrangements resembling the famous Manmulsang peaks of the Mt. Kum Kang. It is believed that this particular rock-arranged hill was built and sanctified in honor of the founding king of the Koguryo dynasty.
3. Influence to the Japanese garden culture
The art of natural rock-arrangement of Koguryo and Paekche as well as the symbolic rock arrangements of Great Kaya were introduced by Paekche gardeners to Japan during the Aska period and initially utilized to sanctify their residential area. It is believed that these rock arrangements art became the source of the Karesansui style of Japanese garden which is wrongly believed to have originated is Japan. The other source of Jodo school of Japanese garden may be traced to the garden art of Silla's Anapji pond garden with its rock-arrangement and artificial waterfalls. Thus the Korean traditional garden of rock-arrangements set the original prototype for Japanese rock gardens of various schools, which is distinct from Chinese gardens. This original Korean garden art may be traced to the natural environments and nature worshipping tradition of Korea.
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