World development indicators . 1999

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Front matter
• Foreword = ⅴ
• Acknowledgments = ⅵ
• Preface = ⅶ
• Partners = xii
• Users guide = xxii
• 1 WORLD VIEW
• Introduction = 3
• International development goals = 10
• 1.1 Size of the economy = 12
• 1.2 Development progress = 16
• 1.3 Gender differences = 20
• 1.4 Trends in long-term economic development = 24
• 1.5 Long-term structural change = 28
• 1.6 Key indicators for other economies = 32
• Box
• 1a Measuring the impact of the crisis on Indonesia's poor = 6
• Figures
• 1a Gini coefficients in transition economies = 7
• 1.1 Where money goes farther = 15
• 1.4 Botswana and Mauritius are growing as fast as East Asian economies = 27
• 1.5 Agriculture loses ground = 31
• Text tables
• 1a Real GDP growth, 1991-2001 = 4
• 1b Progress in social indicators = 5
• 1c Estimated poverty in transition economies, 1987-88 and 1993-95 = 7
• 1d Performance gaps and distance to goals = 8
• 1e Regional average growth rates in real consumption needed to halve poverty in 25 years = 9
• 2 PEOPLE
• Introduction = 35
• Patterns of educational attainment = 40
• 2.1 Population = 42
• 2.2 Population dynamics = 46
• 2.3 Labor force structure = 50
• 2.4 Employment by economic activity = 54
• 2.5 Unemployment = 58
• 2.6 wages and productivity = 62
• 2.7 Poverty = 66
• 2.8 Distribution of income or consumption = 70
• 2.9 Education inputs = 74
• 2.10 Participation in education = 78
• 2.11 Education outcomes = 82
• 2.12 Gender and education = 86
• 2.13 Health expenditure, services, and use = 90
• 2.14 Access to health services = 94
• 2.15 Reproductive health = 98
• 2.16 Health : risk factors and future challenges = 102
• 2.17 Confronting AIDS = 106
• 2.18 Mortality = 110
• Boxes
• 2a Strategies to improve girls' education = 38
• 2b How countries stack up in student achievement = 39
• 2.18 Life tables : an essential tool for mortality analysis = 113
• Figures
• 2a High fertility is driving rapid growth in the school-age population in some regions = 36
• 2b High enrollments are no guarantee of high achievement = 37
• 2c Some developing countries have far to go to reach universal primary enrollment = 37
• 2d Female enrollments do not respond to income growth = 38
• 2.1 The aging population = 45
• 2.2 International migration adds to population growth in industrial countries... but not in developing countries = 49
• 2.3 Does rapid increase in the labor force depress growth and living standards? = 53
• 2.9 Private spending on education is sizable in some low-and middle-income countries = 77
• 2.12 Girls' enrollments continue to lag = 89
• Text tables
• 2.4a Nonagricultural labor force working in gender-dominated occupations = 57
• 2.5a Countries by type of social security program, selected years = 61
• 2.13a Public health spending in low-income countries, 1990-97 = 93
• 3 ENVIRONMENT
• Introduction = 115
• Water = 118
• 3.1 Land use and deforestation = 120
• 3.2 Agricultural inputs = 124
• 3.3 Agricultural output and productivity = 128
• 3.4 Biodiversity and protected areas = 132
• 3.5 Freshwater = 136
• 3.6 Water pollution = 140
• 3.7 Energy production and use = 144
• 3.8 Energy efficiency and emissions = 148
• 3.9 Sources of electricity = 152
• 3.10 Urbanization = 156
• 3.11 Urban environment = 160
• 3.12 Traffic and congestion = 164
• 3.13 Air pollution = 168
• 3.14 Government commitment = 170
• 3.15 Toward a measure of genuine savings = 174
• Boxes
• 3a The environmental challenges of urbanization = 116
• 3b Measuring the environment = 116
• Figures
• 3.1 The countries with the highest deforestation rates in 1990-95 = 123
• 3.2 The world is growing more cereal = 127
• 3.3a Cereal yield has grown fastest in high-income countries... = 131
• 3.3b ...but food production overall has grown most in middle-income countries = 131
• 3.4 High-income economies have the largest share of protected land area = 135
• 3.6 China and India accounted for a large share of the emissions of organic water pollutants in 1994... and have not seen the decline in these emissions seen elsewhere = 143
• 3.7 Four countries accounted for almost 40 percent of commercial energy use in 1996 = 147
• 3.8a Historical trends show accelerating growth in global $$CO_2$$ emissions ... = 151
• 3.8b ...and a rising average temperature at the earth's surface = 151
• 3.9 Coal still dominates in global electricity generation = 155
• 3.10 The world's urban population continues to boom = 159
• 3.11 Household sewerage connections remain scarce in many cities = 163
• 3.12 Bicycles outpace cars in world production = 167
• 3.14 Climate change and biodiversity at the fore = 171
• Text table
• 3.14a Status of national environmental action plans = 170
• 4 ECONOMY
• Introduction = 179
• Performance and prospects, 1997-2001 = 182
• 4.1 Growth of output = 188
• 4.2 Structure of output = 192
• 4.3 Structure of manufacturing = 196
• 4.4 Growth of merchandise trade = 200
• 4.5 Structure of merchandise exports = 204
• 4.6 Structure of merchandise imports = 208
• 4.7 Structure of service exports = 212
• 4.8 Structure of service imports = 216
• 4.9 Structure of demand = 220
• 4.10 Growth of consumption and investment = 224
• 4.11 Structure of consumption in PPP terms = 228
• 4.12 Relative prices in PPP terms = 231
• 4.13 Central government, finances = 234
• 4.14 Central government expenditures = 238
• 4.15 Central government revenues = 242
• 4.16 Monetary indicators and prices = 246
• 4.17 Balance of payments current account = 250
• 4.18 External debt = 254
• 4.19 External a debt management = 258
• Figures
• 4.3 Dominant countries drive regional trends in manufacturing growth = 199
• 4.5 A strong trend toward manufactures among the top developing country exporters = 207
• 4.6 The structure of imports looks much the same across regions = 211
• 4.7 Developing countries are garnering a growing share of service exports = 215
• 4.8 A shifting dominance in service imports = 219
• 4.10 Regional trends in gross domestic investment = 227
• 4.12 Health care services are relatively expensive in high-income economies... but capital investment is far more expensive in low- and middle-income economies = 233
• 4.13 Worsening fiscal balances in most of East Asia = 237
• 4.15 Social security taxes account for a large share of current revenue in high-income countries... and a large share in many middle-income countries = 245
• 4.17 Current account deficits as a corollary to growth = 253
• 4.18 World Bank and IMF lending expands in the regions most at risk of financial crisis = 257
• 4.19A growing reliance on short-term financing in East Asia = 261
• Text tables
• 4a Recent economic performance = 184
• 4b Key macroeconomic indicators = 185
• 5 STATES AND MARKETS
• Introduction = 263
• Good governance matters = 268
• 5.1 Credit, investment, and expenditure = 270
• 5.2 Stock markets = 274
• 5.3 Portfolio investment regulation and risk = 278
• 5.4 Financial depth and efficiency = 282
• 5.5 Tax policies = 286
• 5.6 Relative prices and exchange rates = 290
• 5.7 Defense expenditures and trade in arms = 294
• 5.8 State-owned enterprises = 298
• 5.9 Transport infrastructure = 302
• 5.10 Power and communications = 306
• 5.11 The information age = 310
• 5.12 Science and technology = 314
• BOX
• 5a The World Bank's anticorruption strategy = 264
• Figures
• 5a Where does corruption occur most in Georgia? = 265
• 5b Microeconomic factors played the biggest part in recent banking crises = 265
• 5.1 Several transition economies rank high in foreign direct investment = 273
• 5.2 The top 10 emerging stock markets in 1997 = 277
• 5.10 People in high-income economies still have far better access to telephones = 309
• 5.11 Latin America ranks highest among developing regions in access to personal computers... but Europe and Central Asia has the best access to the Internet = 313
• 6 GLOBAL LINKS
• Introduction = 319
• Financial flows. 1990-98 = 322
• 6.1 Integration with the global economy = 324
• 6.2 Direction and growth of merchandise trade = 328
• 6.3 DEOD trade with low-and middle-income economies = 331
• 6.4 Primary commodity prices = 334
• 6.5 Regional trade blocs = 336
• 6.6 Tariff barriers = 340
• 6.7 Global financial flows = 344
• 6.8 Net financial flows from Development Assistance Committee members = 348
• 6.9 Aid flows from Development Assistance Committee members = 350
• 6.10 Aid dependency = 352
• 6.11 Distribution of net aid by Development Assistance Committee members = 356
• 6.12 Net financial flows from multilateral institutions = 360
• 6.13 Foreign labor and population in OECD countries = 364
• 6.14 Traxel and tourism = 366
• Box
• 6a The dependence on aid = 320
• Figures
• 6.1 Large capital flows relative to GDP reflect extensive integration with global capital markets = 327
• 6.3 Manufactures dominate U.S. and European trade with developing economies = 333
• 6.9 Aid flows fell again in 1997 = 351
• 6.10 Countries receiving aid amounting to more than 15 percent of their GNP = 355
• 6.11 Poor economies were not the sole recipients of aid from the top donors in 1997 = 359
• 6.12 Nonconcessional lending by the World Bank increased sharply in 1997 = 363
• 6.13 OECD countries drew immigrants from around the world in 1997 = 365
• 6.14 Countries with tourism receipts accounting for more than 15 percent of exports in 1997 = 369
• Text tables
• 6.8a Official development assistance from non-DAC donors = 349
• Back matter
• Statistical methods = 371
• Primary data documentation = 373
• Acronyms and abbreviations = 381
• Credits = 382
• Bibliography = 384
• Index of indicators = 391
• Distributors of Bank publications = 400
• Order form = 401