한문화권(漢文化圈) 형성 초기 한시 창수를 통한 동북아 국가간의 문화교류 = Cultural Exchanges Between Four Northeastern Asian Countries in the Early Formative Periods of Chinese Culture Area: An Analytical Approach to Poems Donated to Envoys

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper was attempted to study the history and characteristics of the cultural exchanges through poems created in classical Chinese between envoys from Silla or Balhae and men of letters of Japan or T'ang China during the both 8th and 9th centuries which corresponded to an early formative stage of Chinese culture Area.
There remained few works created by Silla and Balhae envoys, but it would be possible to examine reversely their foreign experiences through poems donated to them in Japan or T'ang China. Most of the poems reflect sinocentrism as well as the chauvinistic tendency regarding their own countries as the center of the universe, and Silla or Balhae as their tributary states.
On the other hand the emotional response and appreciation of the culture of the opposite countries are revealed in these poems, though implicative, and such attitudes makes appearance to become the basis leading to cultural and intellectual exchanges on the individual levels since 9th century. It is worth noticing that religion, namely Buddhism, besides individual intimacy was proposed as clues overcoming a stubborn sense of superiority looking down Silla and Balhae as their dependent states.
Truth is that such cultural exchanges through donations of the poems were not promoted when these four northeastern Asian countries were in a high state of tension. This shows that 'the cultural universalism' in the sense of having characters and religion in common were nothing but the virtual image; it is doubtless, however, that the literary interchange and the religious world of the eminent Buddhist monks made meaningful contribution to keep the cultural homogeneity of these countries. In this regard the significance of the cultural exchange of the time through geographical extension lies in that it was the only way to increase the mutual understanding in spite of confrontations and struggles.