1793년 유럽전쟁과 워싱턴 행정부의 외교적 대응: 1793년 프랑스와 관련된 외교문제를 중심으로 = The European War of 1793 and Diplomatic Respond in Washington Administration: Relate to French Diplomatic Issue in 1793

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Washington administration’s diplomacy is characterized by its discussion of diplomatic issues in the cabinet meetings. By the Federal Constitution, the President had the final decision authority of diplomacy, but the Washington dealt with diplomatic issues in the cabinet meetings consisting of the Chief Executives. Individual cabinet members represented various regional interests and had different factional colors, but when they discussed diplomatic issues, they were not biased to regional interests and factions, but they were concerned about common interests, that is, the interests of the entire United States and tried to resolve diplomatic issues accordingly. This characteristic of the Washington administration’s diplomacy necessitates a reconsideration of existing researchers’ opinions.
The existing researchers noted that the time of the Washington administration was a period when there were many decisions unfavorable to France since pro-British and anti-French Federalists centered around Hamilton led the American diplomacy, and accordingly, the relationship between the U.S. and France got worse. And the other part of researchers noted that Washington President only leaded to early American diplomacy in deciding above party. To look into whether there really were many diplomatic decisions unfavorable to France during the time of the Washington administration like the opinions of existing studies, this study inquired into how the Washington administration’s cabinet meeting dealt with a diplomatic issue related to France, which occurred in 1793.
It was the year when a war between France and other European countries broke out because of the French Revolution and new French minister Edmond-Charles Genêt might start a war against European countries, such as France and the United Kingdom, instead of the resolution of the diplomatic issues favorable to their preferred country like the opinion of existing studies. The cabinet members shared an idea that not being caught up in a war against Europe would be the biggest benefit of the U.S., which would be the way to keep its hard-won independence. The cabinet members’ idea can be noted in the process of discussion on the Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793 and the issue of the request for summons of French minister Genêt.
Thus, judging from the process in which the Washington administration’s cabinet meetings resolved diplomatic issues associated with France, it cannot be viewed that diplomatic decision-making was not up to the opinions of the Federalists, especially, led by Hamilton, who supported the U.K. like existing researchers’ opinions, also led by Washington President by himself.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

워싱턴 행정부 외교의 특징은 장관회의에서 외교문제를 논의했다는 데 있다. 연방헌법에 의해 최종적인 외교결정권한을 대통령이 가지고 있었지만 워싱턴은 외교문제를 행정부 장관들로 구성되어있는 장관회의에서 다루었다. 회의 참석자 개개인들은 다양한 지역적 이익을 대변하고 각기 다른 당파적 색채를 가지고 있었지만 외교문제를 논의할 때는 지역적 이익과 당파에 치우치지 않고 공통의 이익 즉 미국 전체의 이익을 고민하고 그에 따라 외교문제를 해결하려고 했다. 이러한 워싱턴 행정부 외교의 특징은 기존 연구자들의 주장을 재고하게 한다.
기존 연구자들은 워싱턴 행정부 시기는 해밀턴을 중심으로 하는 친영국적이고 반프랑스적인 연방주의자들이 미국외교를 이끌어갔기 때문에 프랑스에 불리한 결정이 많았으며 이로 인해 미국과 프랑스의 관계가 악화된 시기로 보았다. 다른 한편에서는 워싱턴 대통령 개인이 초당파적인 결정을 하며 미국 외교를 이끌어갔다고 보았다.
이러한 기존 연구의 주장처럼 과연 워싱턴 행정부 시기의 외교결정이 프랑스에 불리한 결정이 많았는지를 살펴보기 위해 본 글에서는 1793년에 발생한 프랑스와 관련된 외교문제를 워싱턴 행정부 장관회의에서 어떻게 다루었는지를 살펴보았다. 1793년에는 프랑스 혁명으로 인하여 프랑스와 다른 유럽 국가들과 전쟁이 발발한 해였으며 공화국 프랑스에서 새로운 공사 주네가 미국으로 파견된 시기였다. 워싱턴 행정부 장관들은 프랑스와 관련된 외교문제를 논의하면서 가장 우선적으로 고려한 것은 기존 연구의 주장처럼 자신이 선호하는 국가에 유리하게 외교문제를 해결한 것이 아니라 자신들의 결정이 유럽국가 즉 프랑스, 영국과 전쟁을 불러일으키지는 않을까 하는 것이었다. 장관회의 참석자들은 유럽과의 전쟁에 휘말리지 않는 것이 미국에게 가장 큰 이익이며 그것이 어렵게 쟁취한 독립을 지키는 길이라는 생각을 공유하고 있었던 것이다. 1793년 중립선언 논의과정과 프랑스 공사 주네를 프랑스로 소환해 달라고 요청하는 문제를 논의하는 과정에서 이들의 이러한 생각을 확인할 수 있다.
따라서, 워싱턴 행정부 장관회의에서 프랑스와 관련된 외교문제를 해결하는 과정을 볼 때 기존 연구자들의 주장처럼 영국을 지지한 연방파의 의견대로 특히 해밀턴의 주도로 외교결정이 이루어진 것으로 볼 수 없으며 또한 초당파적 인물이었던 워싱턴 대통령 개인이 결정을 내렸다고 평가할 수도 없을 것이다.

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