민주주의 공고화에 있어 ‘법의 지배’의 우선성 = 탈공산 러시아의 사례

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은, 탈공산 러시아 사례를 통해, 신생민주주의 국가에서의 민주주의 공고화의 실패와 권위주의로의 퇴행을 ‘법의 지배’ 원리의 취약성과 연계시켜 설명하고자 한다. 특히 이를 위해 옐친 대통령 시기의 민주화 양상 및 그 공고화의 잠재성을 먼저 평가하고, 뒤이어 푸틴 집권 이후 정치체제가 다시금 준권위주의의 형태로 퇴행하게 된 주요 원인을 ‘법의 지배’ 원칙의 부재로부터 도출하려 한다. 탈공산 러시아의 경우, 선거민주주의가 정착된 이후로 정치적 권리와 시민적 자유가 공히 발전경로에 진입했던 사례로 평가된다. 하지만 푸틴 집권 2기 출범 이후 러시아의 민주주의가 계속 발전도상에 위치해있다고 평가하는 것은 더 이상 가능하지 않은 일일 것이다. 즉 절차적 민주주의의 구축 이후 ‘법의 지배’의 원칙이 빠른 시간 안에 확립되지 못하자 정당체계 및 시민사회의 내적 불균형이 재생산되었으며, 이는 곧 정치적 경쟁을 약화시킴으로써 정례적 선거조차 무의미하게 만들어버렸다. 결국 신생민주주의 국가가 민주주의의 공고화를 달성할 수 있는가 여부는 우선적으로 ‘법의 지배’ 원칙이 얼마나 빨리 확립될 수 있는가에 달려 있는 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article explains the failure of democratic consolidation of a country in democratic transition and its step back to authoritarianism, focusing on the weakness of the “rule of law” principles, through a case study of post-Soviet Russia. For this purpose, this paper initially assesses the appearance of democratization and potential of democratic consolidation in the Yeltsin period, and furthermore deducts the main cause of Russia’s step back to semi-authoritarian political system in the Putin presidency from the absence of “rule of law”. In post-Soviet Russia, both political rights and civil liberty were assessed as being in progress. However, it seems no longer possible to say that Russian democracy has been developing after the beginning of Putin’s second term. That is, as the principles of “rule of law” could not be initially settled, imbalances within the political system and civil society were reproduced, which shortly made even regular elections themselves meaningless, by undermining the extent of political competitiveness. Therefore, whether an emerging democracy could achieve democratic consolidation or not can be said to depend upon how soon the “rule of law” principles would be initially settled.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 논문요약
• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. 이론적 논의: 민주주의 공고화의 핵심 요건으로서의 ‘법의 지배’
• Ⅲ. 옐친 대통령 시기(1993-1999년)의 민주주의 발전에 대한 평가
• Ⅳ. 푸틴 대통령 시기(2000-현재) 러시아 정체의 권위주의로의 퇴행
• Ⅴ. 결론
• 참고문헌
• Abstract

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