혁신주의 시기 이주민 참정권의 쇠퇴와 미국의 민주주의 = The Decline of Immigrant Suffrage and Democracy in the United States during the Progressive Era

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 글은 미국 혁신주의 시기 이주민 참정권 쇠퇴의 배경과 그 전개 과정을 분석하고, 그것이 미국 민주주의 역사와 현실에서 지니는 의미들을 고찰한다. 미국 민주주의의 역사에 대한 지배적인 서사는 미국에서 재산, 인종, 성별, 연령에 근거하여정치적 권리를 배제당했던 사람들에게 참정권이 계속 확대되어온 역사라는 해석이다. 하지만 이러한 기존의 인식과 다르게, 건국 이래 비시민권자인 이주민(noncitizen immigrants)의 참정권은 미국 사회의 인종차별적⋅성차별적⋅계급차별적 편견과 동기, 그리고 정치적⋅경제적 필요성이 상호작용하는 가운데 그 확대와축소의 과정을 거쳤다. 그리고 마침내 거대한 ‘개혁의 시대’로 인식되는 혁신주의시기(Progressive era)에 이르러서 이주민 참정권은 미국 전역에서 소멸되어 갔다. 이런 점에서 미국 참정권의 역사는 확대 일변도의 단선적인 발전과정이 아니었다. 그리고 이 역사는 오늘날 일반적인 인식과 달리, 역사적으로 시민권이 참정권의보유와 행사에서 필수적인 전제 조건이 아니었음을 명백하게 보여준다. 또한 혁신주의자들의 개혁운동은 정치의 민주화와 사회 정의의 실현이라는 대의명분을 내걸었지만, 다수의 흑인과 빈곤층, 그리고 이주민에 대한 사회적 통제를 달성하고자 하였다. 즉 혁신주의 개혁은 시대적 변화 속에서 기성 질서와 위계를 위협하고있다고 여겼던 인구집단들에 대한 엄격한 사회 통제를 부과함으로써 기존 체제와권력관계를 보존하면서 시대적 과제에 대응하려던 매우 보수적인 성격을 갖고 있었다고 할 수 있다

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article analyzes the background and development of the decline of immigrant voting rights during the Progressive Era and considers its implications for the history and practice of American democracy. The dominant narrative of the history of American democracy is that of the expansion of suffrage to those excluded from political rights based on property, race, gender, and age. However, contrary to this conventional wisdom, the right to vote for noncitizen immigrants has expanded and contracted since the country’s founding in response to the interplay of racist, sexist, and classist prejudices and motivations in American society, as well as political and economic necessity. During the Progressive Era, often perceived as the great “age of reform,” the United States eliminated immigrant suffrage. In this sense, the history of American suffrage was not a linear progression of expansion, and it makes clear that, contrary to popular perception today, citizenship was not historically a necessary prerequisite for holding and exercising the right to vote. In addition, the reform movements of the progressives, while claiming to democratize politics and establish social justice, also sought to achieve social control over large numbers of blacks, people with low incomes, and immigrants. In other words, the progressive reforms were very conservative responding to the challenges of the times by preserving the existing system and power relations by imposing strict social controls on demographic groups perceived as threatening the established order and hierarchy.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 Neuman, Gerald L., "“We Are the People”: Alien Suffrage in German and American Perspective" 13 : 259-335, 1992
• 2 Curran, Thomas, "Xenophobia and Immigration, 1820–1930" 1975
• 3 Piven, Frances Fox, "Why Americans Still Don’t Vote: And Why Politicians Want It That Way" 2000
• 4 Kleppner, Paul, "Voting and the Spirit of American Democracy" 43-53, 1992
• 5 Collier, Christopher, "Voting and the Spirit of American Democracy" 19-29, 1992
• 6 Crum, Travis, "Voting Under the Federal Constitution" (22) : 1-27, 2022
• 7 Codrington, Wilfred U., "Voting Under State Constitutions" Brooklyn Law School 1-41, 2023
• 8 Kennedy, Alan H., "Voters in a Foreign Land: Alien Suffrage in the United States, 1704-1926" 34 (34): 245-275, 2022
• 9 Hayduk, Ron, "Urban Citizenship: Campaigns to Restore Immigrant Voting Rights in the US" 40 (40): 336-352, 2018
• 10 Brinkley, Alan, "The Unfinished Nation : A Concise History of the American People" 2022
• 11 Weil, Patrick, "The Sovereign Citizen: Denaturalization and the Origins of the American Republic" 2013
• 12 Keyssar, Alexander, "The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States" 2000
• 13 Douglas, Joshua A., "The Right to Vote under Local Law" 85 (85): 1039-1111, 2017
• 14 Hays, Samuel P., "The Politics of Reform in Municipal Government in the Progressive Era" 55 : 157-169, 1964
• 15 Aylsworth, Leon E., "The Passing of Alien Suffrage" 25 : 114-116, 1931
• 16 Kerber, Linda K., "The Paradox of Women’s Citizenship in the Early Republic: The Case of Martin v. Massachusetts, 1805" 97 : 349-378, 1992
• 17 McCormick, Richard L., "The New American History" 107-132, 1997
• 18 Bandiera, O., "The Making of Modern America: Migratory Flows in the Age of Mass Migration" 102 : 23-47, 2013
• 19 Cogan, Jacob Katz, "The Look Within: Property, Capacity, and Suffrage in Nineteenth Century America" 107 : 473-498, 1997
• 20 McGerr, Michael E., "The Decline of Popular Politics: The American North, 1865-1928" 1986
• 21 Goldfield, Michael, "The Color of Politics: Race and the Mainsprings of American Politics" 1997
• 22 Higham, John, "Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925" 2007
• 23 Steinfeld, Robert J., "Property and Suffrage in the Early American Republic" 41 : 335-376, 1989
• 24 Raskin, Jamin B., "Overruling Democracy: the Supreme Court vs. the American People" 2003
• 25 Sontag, Deborah, "Noncitizens and Right to Vote; Advocates for Immigrants Explore Opening Up Balloting"
• 26 Harper-Ho, Virginia, "Noncitizen Voting Rights: The History, the Law and Current Prospects for Change" 18 : 271-322, 2000
• 27 Ferris, Dan, "Noncitizen Voting Rights in the Global Era: A Literature Review and Analysis" 21 (21): 949-971, 2020
• 28 Raskin, Jamin B., "Legal Aliens, Local Citizens: The Historical, Constitutional and Theoretical Meanings of Alien Suffrage" 141 : 1391-1470, 1993
• 29 Allen, Howard W., "Jerome Clubb, William H. Flanigan, and Nancy Zingale" 153-193, 1981
• 30 Couvares, Francis G., "Interpretations of American History: Patterns and Perspectives, vol. II" 2000
• 31 Facchini, Giovanni, "Immigrant Franchise and Immigration Policy: Evidence from the Progressive Era" IZA 1-50, 2021
• 32 Chalmers, David Mark, "Hooded Americanism: The First Century of the Ku Klux Klan, 1865-1965" 1965
• 33 Tabellini, Marco, "Gifts of the Immigrants, Woes of the Natives: Lessons from the Age of Mass Migration" 87 (87): 454-486, 2020
• 34 Curran, Michael R., "Flickering Lamp beside the Golden Door: Immigration, the Constitution and Undocumented Aliens in the 1990’s" 30 (30): 57-142, 1998
• 35 Dudden, Faye E., "Fighting Chance: The Struggle over Woman Suffrage and Black Suffrage in Reconstruction America" 2011
• 36 Hayduk, Ron, "Exploring The Complexities of “Alien Suffrage” in American Political History" 43 (43): 70-118, 2024
• 37 Gerstle, Gary, "E Pluribus Unum: Contemporary and Historical Perspectives on Immigrant Political Incorporation" 2001
• 38 Tichenor, Daniel J., "Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America" 2002
• 39 Tienda, Marta, "Demography and the Social Contract" 39 (39): 587-616, 2002
• 40 Hayduk, Ron, "Democracy for All: Restoring Immigrant Voting Rights in the United States" 2006
• 41 Burnham, Walter D., "Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics" 1970
• 42 Kousser, J. Morgan, "Colorblind Injustice: Minority Voting Rights and the Undoing of the Second Reconstruction" 1999
• 43 Smith, Rogers M., "Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History" 1997
• 44 Judd, Dennis, "City Politics: Private Power and Public Policy" 2004
• 45 Clubb, Jerome, "Analyzing Electoral History" 1981
• 46 Williamson, Chilton, "American Suffrage from Property to Democracy, 1760-1860" 1960
• 47 Johnston, Robert D., "American History Now" 96-124, 2011
• 48 Shklar, Judith N., "American Citizenship: The Quest For Inclusion" 1991
• 49 Flanagan, Maureen A., "America Reformed: Progressives and Progressivisms, 1890s-1920s" 2007
• 50 Rosberg, Gerald M., "Aliens and Equal Protection: Why Not the Right to Vote?" 75 : 1092-1136, 1977
• 51 Zolberg, Aristide R., "A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America" 2006
• 52 Porter, Kirk H., "A History of Suffrage in the United States" 1918