한국인의 시리얼 섭취실태와 영양 및 건강상태와의 관련성 연구 - 2012년도 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 - = The relationship of ready-to-eat cereal consumption with nutrition and health status in the Korean population based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the relationship of ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) consumption with nutrition and health status. Examination of health status for this project included obesity, abdominal obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low-HDL-cholesterolemia, diabetes, anemia, and metabolic syndrome.
Methods: Two groups, RTEC consumers and those who did not consume RTEC, were identified using 24-hour dietary recall data from the 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Nutritional intakes and risk factors of the two groups were compared using covariates-adjusted statistical procedures. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS survey procedures, and strata, cluster, and weight were considered. Subjects of analysis of nutritional intake were between the ages of 1 and 75, and those considered in the risk factor analysis were between the ages of 19 and 75.
Results: Results showed that 3.8% of the Korean population was RTEC consumers. Compared to the subjects who did not intake RTEC, RTEC consumers exhibited significantly higher intakes of calcium, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin C. It was also discovered that the percentage of people whose intakes were less than EAR decreased with RTEC consumption. RTEC consumption showed significant association with decreased systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum triglyceride, and serum total cholesterol. Consequently, prevalence of hypertension among RTEC consumers was significantly lower than that among non-consumers, and the odds ratio for hypertension was 0.19 after adjusting the models for covariates. Conclusion: Results of this study clearly suggest an association of RTEC consumption with improved nutritional status and cardiometabolic risk profile in Korean adults. Conduct of additional studies will be necessary in order to determine the nature of these relationships.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 2012년 한국국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 한국인의 성별, 연령별 시리얼 섭취실태를 알아보았다.
연령을 1~18세, 19~75세로 구분하여 시리얼 섭취여부에따른 영양소 섭취량과 영양상태를 살펴보았고, 19~75세성인을 대상으로 체위 및 혈액의 생화학적 지표 분석과 질병 유병률 등 건강상태를 비교하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면다음과 같다.
한국인 중 시리얼을 먹은 사람의 비율은 3.8%이었고 시리얼 섭취량은 연령별로 볼 때 12~18세에서 가장 많았으며 남자가 여자보다 많았다. 시리얼 섭취여부와 사회경제적인 지표와의 관계를 chi-square test한 결과는 19~75세에서 연령군, 교육, 거주지, 직업군과 유의적인 관계가 나타났다.
영양소 섭취량은 시리얼 섭취군이 비섭취군 보다 모든연령층에서 칼슘, 티아민, 리보플라빈, 나이아신, 비타민 C 의 섭취량이 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며 19~75세는 에너지와 지방의 섭취도 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 시리얼 섭취군이 비섭취군보다 영양소의 평균필요량보다 적게 섭취하는 사람들의 백분율은 칼슘, 비타민 A, 티아민, 리보플라빈, 나이아신, 비타민 C 에서 유의적으로 낮았고, 상한섭취량보다 많이 섭취하는 사람들의 비율은 19~75세에서 칼슘, 인, 철, 비타민 A에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. 즉, 시리얼 섭취군이 비섭취군보다 대부분의 영양소 섭취량은높았으며, 평균필요량보다 적게 섭취하는 사람들의 백분율과 상한섭취량보다 많이 섭취하는 사람들의 백분율은낮은 것으로 나타나 영양상태가 좋은 것으로 나타났다.
시리얼 섭취여부에 따른 조사대상자의 체위 및 혈액 생화학적 지표 분석 결과 시리얼 섭취군이 비섭취군에 비해수축기 혈압, 이완기 혈압, 혈청의 중성지방, 총콜레스테롤의 수치가 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. 질병유병률은 시리얼 섭취군이 비섭취군에 비해 고혈압과 고콜레스테롤혈증에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며 고혈압의 경우 오즈비가 0.19로 시리얼 섭취군이 비섭취군에 비해 고혈압의발생이 유의적으로 81% 감소하는 것으로 나타났다 그 외질병 (비만, 고중성지방혈증, 저HDL-콜레스테롤혈증, 당뇨병, 빈혈, 대사증후군)의 경우 오즈비가 모두 1 미만으로 시리얼 섭취군은 비섭취군에 비해 질병 발생 확률이 감소하는 경향으로 나타났다.
본 연구에서는 한국인을 대상으로 시리얼을 섭취하는사람들과 섭취하지 않는 사람들의 영양섭취상태와 질병유병률을 비교한 결과 시리얼을 섭취하는 사람들이 섭취하지 않는 사람들에 비해 영양상태는 좋고 질병유병률은낮은 것으로 나타났으므로 시리얼 섭취가 영양과 건강에매우 긍정적인 효과를 나타내는 좋은 식품인 것으로 사료된다. 외국의 경우 아침에 시리얼과 우유를 먹는 것이 아침식사의 중요한 식사패턴의 하나로 자리매김하고 있는데반해, 현재 한국인은 시리얼을 섭취하는 비율이 매우 적고또한 시리얼을 식사대용으로 먹는 사람들이 많지 않은 실정이다. 그러므로 시리얼 섭취에 따른 영양상태의 우수성과 질병예방을 고려하여 한국인의 식습관이나 식문화와조화를 이루면서 시리얼이 한국인의 식사에 많이 이용되도록 다양한 연구와 프로그램이 수행되면 좋을 것으로 사료된다. 또한 본 연구에서 사용한 data는 횡단적인 자료이므로 많은 제한점이 있는 것으로 생각되며 앞으로는 꾸준히 종단적인 연구도 필요할 것으로 사료되며, 시리얼, 당, 기타 가공식품 등의 과잉섭취 ...

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 정진은, "한국인의 시리얼 섭취실태와 우유 및 칼슘섭취와의 관련성 연구- 2001년도 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 -" 한국영양학회 39 (39): 786-794, 2006
• 2 정진은, "국민건강영양조사 자료의 복합표본설계효과와 통계적 추론" 한국영양학회 45 (45): 600-612, 2012
• 3 Field AE, "Weight status in childhood as a predictor of becoming overweight or hypertensive in early adulthood" 13 (13): 163-169, 2005
• 4 McKevith B, "The role of breakfast cereals in the UK diet: headline results from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) year 1" 35 (35): 314-319, 2010
• 5 Albertson AM, "The relationship of ready-to-eat cereal consumption to nutrient intake, blood lipids, and body mass index of children as they age through adolescence" 109 (109): 1557-1565, 2009
• 6 Deshmukh-Taskar P, "The relationship of breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumed with overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity, other cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in young adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 1999-2006" 16 (16): 2073-2082, 2013
• 7 Barton BA, "The relationship of breakfast and cereal consumption to nutrient intake and body mass index: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study" 105 (105): 1383-1389, 2005
• 8 Hill G, "The impact of breakfast especially ready-to-eat cereals on nutrient intake and health of children" 15 (15): 595-613, 1995
• 9 Kleemola P, "The effect of breakfast cereal on diet and serum cholesterol: a randomized trial in North Karelia, Finland" 53 (53): 716-721, 1999
• 10 van den Boom A, "The contribution of ready-to-eat cereals to daily nutrient intake and breakfast quality in a Mediterranean setting" 25 (25): 135-143, 2006
• 11 Williams PG, "The benefits of breakfast cereal consumption: a systematic review of the evidence base" 5 (5): 636S-673S, 2014
• 12 Ministry of Health and Welfare, "The Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-3), 2012" Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• 13 Song WO, "Serum homocysteine concentration of US adults associated with fortified cereal consumption" 24 (24): 503-509, 2005
• 14 Albertson AM, "Ready-toeat cereal consumption: its relationship with BMI and nutrient intake of children aged 4 to 12 years" 103 (103): 1613-1619, 2003
• 15 Toma RB, "Ready-to-eat cereals: role in a balanced diet" 34 (34): 387-390, 1989
• 16 Albertson AM, "Ready-to-eat cereal intake is associated with an improved nutrient intake profile among food insecure children in the United States" 8 (8): 200-220, 2013
• 17 Albertson AM, "Ready-to-eat cereal consumption patterns: the relationship to nutrient intake, whole grain intake, and body mass index in an older American population" 2012 : 631310-, 2012
• 18 Affenito SG, "Ready-to-eat cereal consumption and the School Breakfast Program: relationship to nutrient intake and weight" 83 (83): 28-35, 2013
• 19 Song WO, "Ready-to-eat breakfast cereal consumption enhances milk and calcium intake in the US population" 106 (106): 1783-1789, 2006
• 20 Baublis AJ, "Potential of wheatbased breakfast cereals as a source of dietary antioxidants" 19 (19): 308S-311S, 2000
• 21 Nicklas TA, "Position of the American Dietetic Association: nutrition guidance for healthy children ages 2 to 11 years" 108 (108): 1038-1047, 2008
• 22 Kuhnle GG, "Phytoestrogen content of cereals and cerealbased foods consumed in the UK" 61 (61): 302-309, 2009
• 23 Ryan L, "Oat-based breakfast cereals are a rich source of polyphenols and high in antioxidant potential" 24 (24): 929-934, 2011
• 24 McKevith B, "Nutritional aspects of cereals" 29 (29): 111-142, 2004
• 25 Nicklas TA, "Nutrient contribution of breakfast, secular trends, and the role of ready-to-eat cereals: a review of data from the Bogalusa Heart Study" 67 (67): 757S-763S, 1998
• 26 Gibson S, "Micronutrient intakes, micronutrient status and lipid profiles among young people consuming different amounts of breakfast cereals: further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Young People aged 4 to 18 years" 6 (6): 815-820, 2003
• 27 Bao W, "Longitudinal changes in cardiovascular risk from childhood to young adulthood in offspring of parents with coronary artery disease: the Bogalusa Heart Study" 278 (278): 1749-1754, 1997
• 28 Song WO, "Is consumption of breakfast associated with body mass index in US adults?" 105 (105): 1373-1382, 2005
• 29 Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults., "Executive summary of the third report of the nutional cholesterol education program (NCEP)export panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III)" 285 (285): 2486-2497, 2001
• 30 Michels N, "European adolescent ready-to-eat-cereal (RTEC) consumers have a healthier dietary intake and body composition compared with non-RTEC consumers" 54 (54): 653-664, 2015
• 31 Backhouse SH, "Effects of the glycemic index of breakfast on metabolic responses to brisk walking in females" 61 (61): 590-596, 2007
• 32 Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council, Department of Health and Ageing, "Eat for health. Australian dietary guidelines: providing the scientific evidence for healthier Australian diets" National Health and Medical Research Council
• 33 Siega-Riz AM, "Differences in food patterns at breakfast by sociodemographic characteristics among a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States" 30 (30): 415-424, 2000
• 34 Bazzano LA, "Dietary intake of whole and refined grain breakfast cereals and weight gain in men" 13 (13): 1952-1960, 2005
• 35 Threapleton DE, "Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis" 347 : f6879-, 2013
• 36 Kafatos A, "Consumption of ready-to-eat cereals in relation to health and diet indicators among school adolescents in Crete, Greece" 49 (49): 165-172, 2005
• 37 Minton KL, "Cariogenic potential of presweetened breakfast cereals" 7 (7): 282-286, 1985
• 38 Rampersaud GC, "Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents" 105 (105): 743-760, 2005
• 39 Kochar J, "Breakfast cereals and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Physicians' Health Study I" 15 (15): 3039-3044, 2007
• 40 Kochar J, "Breakfast cereals and risk of hypertension in the Physicians' Health Study I" 31 (31): 89-92, 2012
• 41 McGill CR, "Breakfast and ready-to-eat cereal consumption are associated with improved markers of cardiometabolic health in adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2008" 2 (2): 168-173, 2013
• 42 Fayet F, "Australian children who drink milk (plain or flavored) have higher milk and micronutrient intakes but similar body mass index to those who do not drink milk" 33 (33): 95-102, 2013
• 43 Balvin Frantzen L, "Association between frequency of ready-to-eat cereal consumption, nutrient intakes, and body mass index in fourth- to sixth-grade low-income minority children" 113 (113): 511-519, 2013
• 44 de la Hunty A, "Are people who regularly eat breakfast cereals slimmer than those who don't? A systematic review of the evidence" 32 (32): 118-128, 2007
• 45 Miller HE, "Antioxidant content of whole grain breakfast cereals, fruits and vegetables" 19 (19): 312S-319S, 2000
• 46 Mullan B, "A systematic review of the quality, content, and context of breakfast consumption" 40 (40): 81-114, 2010
• 47 Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council, Department of Health and Ageing, "A review of the evidence to address targeted questions to inform the revision of the Australian dietary guidelines" National Health and Medical Research Council
• 48 Boushey CJ, "A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes" 274 (274): 1049-1057,