沓裏作栽培의 滯水時期別 濕害가 大麥의 生育과 收量에 미치는 影響 = Studies on the effect of excess-moisture injury upon submergonce at various times in drained paddy field soil cultivation to the growth and yield of barley
저자
沈一用 (安城農業專門大學)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1983
작성언어
Korean
KDC
520.000
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
297-341(45쪽)
제공처
This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of various soil in "excess-moisture injury " levels on top and root growth of barley and its yield. Barley(variety Su-Won No.18) was grown on a diluvial clay loan soil at Plant beeding farm (Pot cultivation) in every season during 2 years (1982-1983) at the experimental farm of National An-Sung Agricultural Juniot College. I investigated the relation between the growth times the stage of moisture, by keeping the water below the surface of the soil into pot by 10cm, for 7 days every 5times treatment immediately after sowing.
In order to fine out some morphological characteristics of root growth related to the resistance of excess-moisture injury. I have undertaken to charify the mechanism of "excess-moisture injury in barley cultivation of drained paddy field soil. the result of this experimental showed that the harm done to the growth and the harvest was remarkable result in this studies are summariged as following 5 stages (infant-nursery-bed period, tilling-peak period, very-young-head forming period, expensione growth period and sprouting period)
(1)Excess-moisture injury in winter:-
The visual symptoms of excess-moisture injury appear already, thought gradually, in January, when the soil moisture is too high and probably the oxygen supply to the root is restricted, for example in case of barely plant stunted in growth and shows yellowish or brownish color leaves followed by drying of terminal portions of the leaves.
The root system becomes more restricted and less fibrous, dark in color and its growth is suspended. Anatomical observation showed that the brownish color of the injured root, especially at the root tips, is attributed the necrotic change in the rot cells. Another change in the injured root is the cospicuous ligification in stele and endodermal cells of the root, and also the same phenomena goes on step by step in the cortical and epidermal cells including root-hairs. It became clear that the stiffness of the injured root may be ascribed to the lignification of the root tissues. But, in this season even wet in wet soil, any physical and chemical changes which may affect the plant growth were not seen, this may be due to the low temperature (around 5℃) of the soil in which the microbial activities are restraind and the subsequent maintenance of high redox-potentials of the soil. so the injury of this period mainly due to the poor aeration around the root, regardless of the changes of soil conditions.
(2) Execess moisture-injury in spring and summer:-
When the temperature of the soil rises up to 8-10℃ or higher, then all of a sudden plants come to be seriously injured. That is, the stunted growth, yellowish or brownish green color of young leaves and withering of older leaves are notable features at the time. The root system developed poorly: Seminal roots were injured showing necrotic changes and the crown roots stoped their growth owing to the death of their tips, and rapid lignification of the root cells was recognized as described.
In this period, besides the necrotic changes or lignification of the root, inorganic iron was detected abundantly in rot tissues, particularly at the root tips, while in the healthy ones such substance could not be seen. If the temperature rises furthermore, black depositions are seen here and there on the surface or inner parts of the roots. This deposition was confirmed to be the product of Fe^++ and S" coming separately into the roots from the wet soil.
Author recognized the essential differences between the characteristics of the soil in this period from those of the soil in winter. That is, the soil in this period shows low redox-potentials and Fe^++ and S" are formed to such an extent as seems harmful to the plant. It was also ascertained that those harmful imgredients will intrude casily into the root tissue and act as poisons within it.
Beside necrotic change of lignification of the root cell, histological change occurs in the root, namely the formation of intercellulary cavities due to the Lysigenous rupture or dissolution of the cortical cells.
(3) Resistance of plant against high soil moisture and the degree of development of air conducting system:-
According to the present investigation, Author reached to the conclusion that, in the barley plant which has a strong resistance against excess moisture, the oxygen needed for root respiration will be mainly sent from the leaf via stem 10 the root, whereas in the weak plant, oxygen is supplied directly to the root from the air in the soil. And the tolerability of plant to anaerobic condition of the soil may be attributed to the degree of transporting power of oxygen from the top to the root. The structural differences seen in conducting tissues between upland and swamp plant, especially in the cortex of the root, strongly endorse the above view. Namely, in the submersion the air conducting tissues are well developed and consequently air transporting power from the aerial part to the root seems to be superior to the latter.
(4) Tolerability of plant to the high moisture of the soil and the redox-potentials of the soil:-
Author testified that the lowering of redox potentials of the wet soil around the roots leads to low potentials of the root cells, and in the case of barley, this promotes the lignification of the root cells, and the resulted lignin defends the intrusion of reduced poisoning ingredients. According to the above fact, Author came to the conclusion that the lignification in the root as in barley root or the formation of intercellular spaces in the cortex of plant root may have to be considered a "Adaptation" against the unfavourable circumstances such as poot aeration around the root.
(5) In over-moist soil conditions, plant diminishes the water absorbing power. It was considered that the withering and etiolation of leaves in wet soil, are partly due to the weakened absorbing power of nutrient water. Furthermore author tested the changes of activities of Oxydation Reduction enzymes (Fe-Enzymes) such as Peroxydase and catalase in the roots of barley which were grown in overmoist soil, and ascertained that the activities of oxydase was declined, on the contrary, the activities of catalase was promoted. The change of activities of such enzymes in the roots are presumed to lower the redox-potentials of the root cells, and the lowering of redox-potentials in likely to accelerate the lignification of the tissues.
(6) According to the experimention all the plants Examined, regardless of upland and swamp plants, withered when they are left under strongly reduced soil conditions, though the duration is notable different.
Substantial differences were not therefore found about the mechanism of the injury between upland and swamp plant. As far as Author experiment concerned, "excess=moisture injury" did not occur, if the osil around the toots has 30 percent or more air spaces, even much decomposable organic matter existed in the soil. This also was ascertained in the field.
(7) On way of the present experiment, author found that in Juncaceae or Iridaceae, which have remarkable tolerability against excess moisture, root hairs are strongly lignified.
With this lignified root hair, the meaning of its existence is not yet clear as it was not studied thoroughly.
But it was ascertained that lignification of root-hairs also occurs in barley like the plants just mentioned, when they are put under swamp conditions. This presumed to be a strengthening of excess-moisture tolerability, that is a kind of adaptation of the plant which are originally weak against excess moistured soil conditions.
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