이론에서 역사로: 영국 국제사회 학파 다시 읽기 = From Theory to History: Re-reading the English School of International Relations

국문 초록 (Abstract)

학문으로서 국제정치 연구가 정립된 이래 지금까지 다양한 전회가 있어 왔다. 본논문의 목적은 최근 진행된 주요한 전회 중 하나인 역사적 전회를 주도한 것으로 정평이 나 있는 영국학파로 통칭되는 영국 국제정치이론 위원회의 문제의식의 발전 과정을 살펴보는 데 있다. 미국 국제정치학의 보편주의적, 현재주의적 경향과 대조적으 로, 영국학파는 시초부터 근대 주권국가 체제의 형성과 발전 그리고 팽창에 주목했 고, 이를 통해 국제정치학의 국가적, 지역적 속성을 일깨우고 자극한 것으로 평가된 다. 하지만 영국학파의 첫 세대인 허버트 버터필드, 마틴 와이트, 헤들리 불이 품었던 문제의식은 제대로 탐구된 바가 없다. 본 논문은 이들의 지적 여정에 대한 추적을 통해 국제관계사를 진보도 반복도 아닌 새로운 위기의 끝없는 연속으로 보는 역사관을 그 핵심으로 제시하고 그 뿌리를 기독교 신학에서 찾는다. 버터필드가 제1차 세계 대전을 거치며 등장한 신외교의 정치적 이상향주의에 맞서 기독교의 원죄와 섭리에 기초한 과학적 역사학을 설파했다면, 와이트는 제2차 세계대전 전후 국제정치를 탈출과 생존의 문제로 보는 시각을 각기 혁명주의와 현실주의로 유형화하는 한편 이상과 현실의 간극을 현실적으로 메워보려는 합리주의 시각을 기독교 신학에서 도출했다.
반면, 행태주의에 자극을 받은 불은 버터필드와 와이트의 역사철학을 사회과학적으로 풀어내고자 노력했다. 특히 불은 미･소 냉전 시기 정책 연구의 만연을 개탄하며 무정부 사회 개념을 통해 예측 불가능한 고난을 어떻게든 끝없이 헤쳐 나가야만 하는 인간의 비극적인 운명을 직시할 것을 호소했다. 이러한 점에서, 영국학파를 특징 짓는 문제의식은 모순과 역설로 점철된 국제관계사가 갖는 의미를 객관적으로 파악 하기 위한 시도로 기독교에서 배태된 근대적인 학문 전통을 계승하는 것이라 하겠다.

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