자폐스펙트럼장애에 대한 극단적 남성 뇌 이론의 검증 = Testing the Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism

국문 초록 (Abstract)

자폐스펙트럼장애의 세 가지 주요 증상은 공감하기와 체계화하기의 두 가지 심리적 차원의 상대적 발달 차이로 설명될 수 있으며, 그 특징은 공감하기에 비해 체계화하기가 상대적으로 더 발달되는 남성적 인지특성이 극단적으로 나타난 것이라는 Baron-Cohen의 극단적 남성 뇌 이론을 검증하였다. 언어정신연령 36개월에서 90개월 사이의 자폐아동과 정상아동을 대상으로 마음읽기 과제와 공감하기․체계화하기․자폐 성향을 측정하는 척도인 EQ-C, SQ-C, AQ-C를 실시하였다. 자폐집단은 정상집단에 비해 마음읽기 능력과 공감하기 성향인 EQ-C는 더 낮았으나 체계화 성향인 SQ-C는 유의한 차가 없었다. 그러나 각 개인의 공감하기 수준과 체계화하기 수준의 상대적 차이를 비교하면, 자폐집단은 공감하기 수준에 비해 상대적으로 체계화하기 수준이 더 높았으며 그 정도는 정상의 남아 집단보다 유의미하게 더 컸다. 자폐성향인 AQ-C는 마음읽기 및 EQ-C와 부적 상관이 있었으나 SQ-C와는 상관이 나타나지 않음으로써, 극단적 남성 뇌 이론이 지지되지 않았다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study tested the extreme male brain (EMB) theory of autism. According to EMB theory, people with autism show an extreme of the male profile in terms of empathizing and systemizing, that is low empathizing and high systemizing. Two groups of children matched with verbal mental age (36-90 months) participated: children with autism and typically developing children. Each participants were given TOM tasks, and their mothers were asked to complete the children's versions of the Empathy Quotient (EQ-C), Systemizing Quotient (SQ-C) and Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ-C). The autism spectrum condition group scored significantly lower than control on the TOM Tasks and EQ-C, and significantly higher on AQ-C, but there were no differences on the SQ-C. In addition, EQ-C and TOM were positively correlated to AQ-C, but not correlated to SQ-C. The EMB theory of autism has not been supported.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 김주현, "한국판 아스퍼거 증후군 진단 척도의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구" 16 (16): 98-105, 2005
• 2 박찬옥, "초등 6학년 아동의 성별과 또래지위에 따른 공감하기 및 체계화하기 차이" 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 23 (23): 127-148, 2010
• 3 유희정, "자폐증 진단관찰 스케줄: ADOS" 학지사 2007
• 4 유희정, "자폐증 진단 면담지-개정판: ADI-R" 학지사 2007
• 5 김경미, "유치원 아동의 마음이론과 사회적 능력의 관계" 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 21 (21): 21-39, 2008
• 6 김혜리, "심리학자로서의 아동: 심리지식의 발달" 한국인지과학회 16 (16): 29-52, 2005
• 7 유희정, "사회적 의사소통 설문지: SCQ" 학지사 2008
• 8 김영태, "그림 어휘력 검사 실시요강" 서울장애인종합복지관 1995
• 9 Perner, J., "Three-year-old's difficulty with false belief: The case for a conceptual deficit" 5 : 125-129, 1987
• 10 Baron-Cohen, S., "Theory of mind and autism: A fifteen year review, In Understanding other minds: Perspectives from developmental cognitive neuroscience" Oxford University Press 2000
• 11 Yirmiya, N., "Theory of mind abilities in individuals with autism, Down syndrome, and mental retardation of unknown etiology: The role of age and intelligence" 37 : 1003-1014, 1996
• 12 Baron-Cohen, S., "The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome of high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences" 358 : 361-374, 2003
• 13 Jolliffe, T., "The strange stories test: A replication with high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome" 29 : 395-406, 1999
• 14 Happé, F. G. E., "The role of age and verbal ability in the theory of mind task performance of subjects with autism" 66 : 843-855, 1995
• 15 Baron-Cohen, S., "The extreme-malebrain theory of autism" 6 : 248-254, 2002
• 16 Baron-Cohen, S., "The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome of high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences" 34 : 164-175, 2004
• 17 Ungerer, J., "The early development of autistic children: Implications for defining primary deficits" Plenum Press 1989
• 18 Auyeung, B., "The children's empathy quotient and systemizing quotient: Sex differences in typical development and in autism spectrum conditions" 39 (39): 1509-1521, 2009
• 19 Baron-Cohen, S., "The autism-spectrum quotient(AQ): evidence from Asperger syndrome/High-functioning autism. males and females, scientists and mathematicians" 31 : 5-17, 2001
• 20 Auyeng, B., "The autism spectrum quotient: Children's version (AQ-Child)" 38 (38): 1230-1240, 2008
• 21 Baron-Cohen, S., "The Essential difference: male and female brain and the truth about autism" Basic Books 2003
• 22 Baron-Cohen, S., "The 'reading the mind in the eyes' test revised version: A study with normal adults and adults with asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism" 42 (42): 241-251, 2001
• 23 Dodge, K. A., "Social-cognitive mechanisms in the development of conduct disorder and depression" 44 : 559-584, 1993
• 24 Baron-Cohen, S., "Recognition of Faux Pas by normally developing children and children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism" 29 (29): 407-418, 1999
• 25 Wheelwright, S., "Predicting autism spectrum quotient(AQ) from the systemizing quotient-revised(SQ-R) and empathy quotient(EQ)" 1079 (1079): 47-56, 2006
• 26 Fonagy, P., "On tolerating mental states: theory of mind in borderline personality" 12 : 91-115, 1989
• 27 박경숙, "KEDI-WISC의 검사요강" 한국교육개발원 1991
• 28 Mundy, P., "Joint attention, developmental level, and symptom presentation in autism" 6 : 389-401, 1994
• 29 Auyeng, B., "Foetal testosterone and the child systemizing quotient" 155 : S123-S130, 2006
• 30 Chapman, E., "Fetal testosterone and empathy: evidence from the Empathy Quotient(EQ) and the "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" test" 1 (1): 135-148, 2006
• 31 Wakabayashi, A., "Empathizing and systemizing in adults with and without autism spectrum condition: Cross-cultural stability" 37 : 1823-1832, 2007
• 32 Baron-Cohen, S., "Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"" 21 : 37-46, 1985
• 33 Cocoran, R., "Conversational conduct and the symptoms of schizophrenia" 1 : 305-318, 1997
• 34 Billington, J., "Cognitive style predicts entry into physical sciences and humanities: Questionnaire and performance tests of empathy and systemizing" 17 : 260-268, 2007
• 35 Rutter, M., "Cognitive deficits in the pathogenesis of autism" 24 : 513-531, 1983
• 36 Kanner, L., "Childhood psychosis: Initial studies and new insights" Wiley 1973
• 37 Wimmer, H., "Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception" 13 : 103-128, 1983
• 38 Baron-Cohen, S., "Autism: The empathizingsystemizing (E-S) theory" 1156 : 68-80, 2009
• 39 Volkmar, F. R., "Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders" Cambridge University Press 1998
• 40 Happé, F. G. E., "An advanced test of theory of mind: understanding of story characters' thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped and normal children and adults" 24 : 129-154, 1994