새마을運動과 經營 및 技術의 變化 = A Survey on the Managerial and Technological Changes Caused by the New Village Movement in Korean Rural Areas

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

It has ever been one of the bottlenecks of economic development that agricultural development has fallen behind in comparison with the epochmaking industrial growth of Korea since the 1960's. To break such a bottlenck and to strive for a well balanced economic development, we should innovate the structure of agricultural management and technology.
Being based on the idea that the spiritual foundation is enlightened through the improvement of surroundings, the object of the New Village Movement lies in building up the villages so that everybody in Korean Rural areas can live a better life by increasing their income. The farm household income consists of the agricultural income and the non-agricultural one. In order to increase Korea's agricultural income in connection with the problem of self-supply of provisions, the improvement of management structure and technological innovations in agriculture should be promoted as soon as possible by the New Village Movement, because it is one of the most important aims of the Movement.
In chapter one, we have described the general introduction of the New Village Movement and our survey. The New Village Movement, through the quickening stage in April, 1970, the experimental stags in 1971, the basic firing stage in 1972, and the self-help and cooperation stage in 1973, has developed successfully, and the basis of faithful organization and permanency has been constructed. From now, on the basis of these, we have worked out the plan for the self-help development stage (1974-1976) and the self-reliance accomplishment stage (1977-1981).
We have considered the great result of the Movement to the stage of base formation in the second chapter, and how the impact and influence on agricultural management and the technological change has affected the Movement till 1973 in the third and fourth chapters. In analyzing "How much did this increase the agricultural income?" and "What are the results of management and technological development?", the results are as follows.
a) In comparison with 1970, agricultural income substantially increased 5% in 1971, and 11% in 1972. This figure is the 3-year moving average, the result of 1973 may be included, and this rule is applied to the following.
b) In considering the agricultural income, the efficiency of agricultural management and technological improvement increased 5.4% in 1971 and 5.6% in 1972, compared with the former year, these have annually been increasing since the beginning of the Movement.
c) The efficiency of agricultural management and technological improvement at the ratio of input-output (constant price, 1970) is 0.3% (1966-'69), 4.5% (1970), 5.5% (1971) and 7.4%(1972).
d) Compared with the former year, the change ratio of land productivity increased to 5. 4% in 1971, and 5.6% in 1972, and also labor productivity was 6.1% in 1971 and 11.5% in 1972. Capital productivity decreased to 4.0% in 1971 and 5.6 % in 1972.
e) The annual increasing rates of land productivity and labor are much more than offset by the diminishing rate of capital, and that is the reason why we can get the results stated above.
The changes of agricultural management and technology that have brought about the results stated above, are mainly caused by the impacts and influence of the Movement. That is, for example is brief, as follows:
1. The improvement of labor system.
A part of the family labor has turned, partly as much as possible, from a conventional exchange of work to cooperative labor or union labor. The colective farms of whole nationals' 330,000 Jeongbo (1973, 330,000ha) is operated by the union labor, this tendency should be increased yearly.
2. The improvement of the managerial system.
Since the beginning of the Movement, farmers have been cultivating crops and farm animals with high income. The number of farm households which are cultivating in a specialized occupation has been increasing, and so has the number of side job and diversified farm households.
3. The improvement of the structure of agricultural receipts and expenditures.
The farmers have come to have a strong conviction that they can do anything if they have the will to do it. Through cooperative labor, the pool system and the joint feeding system the production cost has been reduced, while the farming income has been increased.
4. The improvement of artificial farming technology.
Through the improvement of rice seeds, reasonable fertilization, etc., the rice yield per 10a (1/10ha) has been increased from 341㎏ (1970) to 356㎏ (in 1973). The Tongil variety especially made it possible to produce 520㎏ per 10a, and this variety directly affects the improvement of farming technology in Korea.
5. The improvement of expedient utilization technology.
The arrangement of the productive foundation undertaken by the Movement has accelerated the mechanization of Korean agriculture. During the past three years, for example, more than 4,000 hand tractors (cultivators) have been supplied and have been used by the farmers in Gyeongbug Province for agricultural production.
6. The improvement of systematic technology.
The collective farming farmers deeply showed the improvement of systematic technology. With artificial farming technology and the expedient utilization of it-cooperative labor, pool system, joint, feeding system and cooparative trad-the income of small-scale farmers increased through such systematic farming operations. In this fact, the. Advantage of Scale is deeply expressed.
As mentioned above, the improvement of farming technology and the development of farm management were advanced through the past three years' Movement but only partly achieved from the view point of national or Provincial development, and not be in the Innovation Stage yet.
The agricultural income is still lower than industrial income, and the average farm income is only 60%, compared with the average. In considering this, we promote not only non-agricultural income but also agricultural income-the promotion of productivity is much more important for the modernization of Korean agriculture.
The establishment of the agricultural foundation, soil improvement, farmland and farm road arrangement, irrigation and drainage facilities must be achieved completely before any others for land productivity.
It is necessary to fertilize with compost, silicic acid and lime for the organic matter and ph of the farm land in barren land. We must improve better seeds for the taste of the people and good yield, and by the recent news the Korean Government is planning to organize the Seed Supply Center for better and new seeds. This is a way for improvement of land productivity.
Fixed capital must invest more for the improvement of labor productivity, in order to purchase and provide implements and agricultural facilities, under the condition of long term loans at lower interest to the farmers continually. Now, the cultivating, spraying and thrashing works is are well mechanized but, seeding, planting and harvesting must be improved from now on, and the mechanization of present power technological systems should be complete. from the seeding to harvesting processes, and also, cheap and effective small types of agricultural machines must be supplied to small scale farmers for labor productivity.
The decrement of capital productivity may be recovered from the enlargement of collective farms and the abolishment of the upper limit system of farm areas and upgrading the enterprising farms. Today, our Governmental farming guidance is too much devoted to the guidance of technological improvement only, and neglects that of agricultural bookkeeping and managerial ability, and this tendency must be readjusted. Our present farmers must calculate and compare the input and output of their farm management exactly like Homoecomicus, and this is one of the ways to improve capital productivity.
For the excellent method of improvement in agricultural productivity, the system of the upper limit farm area should be readjusted to the optimum scale, the large scale farm management, which combined with extensive farm land and fixed capital should be raised up with the self-supporting farm household together.
If not only self-supporting farm groups but also large scale farm management groups and family farm management groups are farming collectively, the Advantage of Scale should be realized. This is one of the ways to the structural improvement of agriculture.
The Office of Rural Development is proceeding to survey the whole country's soil and is now making a Korean oil Map for the utilizable agricultural land Master Plan. To select the crop for a suitable land category, this map will be available when completed, and the establishment of well planned areas for agricultural industry will stand on a strong scientific foundation.
If this Project becomes known to everybody, Korean agriculture will march into the Innovation Stage, and the dream of our agricultural modernization will come true. Then innovation will be moved up in the near future by the active New Village Movement continuously, because the Movement accelerates the scientific farming as well as the cooperative spirit and s systematic technology.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 序論
• Ⅱ. 새마을運動의 推進狀況
• 1. 全國的 推進狀況
• (1) 새마을運動의 發端
• (2) 새마을運動의 理念과 事業體系
• (3) 새마을運動의 事業成果
• 2. 慶北새마을運動의 發展過程
• (1) 慶北새마을運動의 沿革
• (2) 慶北새마을運動의 實績
• (3) 慶北새마을運動의 成果
• Ⅲ. 새마을運動의 經營變化
• 1. 勞動構造의 變化
• (1) 家族勞動
• (2) 雇傭勞動
• (3) 품앗이
• (4) 協業勞動과 協同勞動
• 2. 經營方式의 變化
• (1) 專兼別 經營方式의 變化
• (2) 業態別 經營方式의 變化
• 3. 農業收支構造의 變化
• (1) 農業收入의 變化
• (2) 農業支出構造의 變化
• (3) 經營成果의 變化
• Ⅳ. 새마을運動과 技術變化
• 1. 農業技術進步의 成果
• 2. 品種改良과 技能的 技術의 變化
• (1) 水稻作物의 種子改良
• (2) 技能的 技術의 進步
• 3. 農業機械化의 進展
• (1) 農業機械化의 先行條件
• (2) 慶北의 機械化現況
• (3) 새마을運動이 農業機械化에 미친 影響
• 4. 組織的 技術의 變化
• Ⅴ. 結論