韓國企業과 政府와의 關係 : 企業의 民間主導 課題를 中心으로 Toward the Business-led Economy = Korea Business and Government
저자
李鐘益 (淸州大學校 行政學科)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1985
작성언어
Korean
KDC
305
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
1-32(32쪽)
제공처
소장기관
It is time to look into the government's proper role in the business of this country. As long as the government is empowered to regulate and extract the country's limited resources for the sake of the nation's growth and stable life among the people, there is no reason why the business has to be excluded from the necessary constraints. But if the business in the democratic country is considered to be most highly motivated and creative activities among others, then there has to be a certain guidline so that the government can refrain from its easily excessive regulatory action.
In retrospect, when there was the financial panic and the world stock markets collapsed in the 30s it was clearly seen as the end to the dependence on the free market economy's "invisible hands." And this was also taken in accepting the notion that there is very distinctive role for which the government has to play even in the democratic nations.
As the governments of the free nations began to streng then their role in the national economy it has become the mixed economy of the free and planned system. It was no different in Korea either, and the government's planned economy with strong direction and command was mixed by the weak market economy. Especially since the 60s the Korean economy was strongly initiated by the government and this government initiated planned economy succeeded big.
However, this success does partially owe to the minimal size of the national economy and also the undeveloped management capability at the private sector. Under these circumstance it was more than fortunate that the government was able to guide and interfere with the development of economy. Then the Korean economy has grown almost to a point of the non-reliant development of its won, and its size and quality have been expanded and upgraded. What the Korean economy, therefore, needs here is a free and creative and also self-reliant business development, for we have come to the end line to hanging on to the government-led business activities.
Those government-led Korea's economy and business activities have certainly created the monumental economic success in the 60s and 70s, but not everything was perfect and there were many negative side-effects which were not closely examined. Many one-sided government interferences and bureaucratic regulations have suppressed many creative and free-willed individual efforts and opportunities in the business. Further, its selective interferences and favorable treatment and financial assistances have resulted many others into insolvency.
Of course, any sudden and drastic policy change will result more negative serious side-effects and this is not called for at this moment. But there has to be a clear and determined sign of an earnest governmental efforts which trys to create the favorable environment for the private sector. And then when the conditions and circumstances become more or less ready, the government leadership and bureaucrats alike should courageously take the necessary steps for the private sector-led business initiatives so that we can fast catch up with other high-tech oriented advanced nations.
The stage of Korea's economic growth and progress can be comparable to many advanced nations and for this reason alone an over-protective economic structure is unwarranted. The private sector has grown noticeably, and it can mobilize its own capitals with adequate planning and judgement for its investment, production and marketing. The maturing Korean business is now able to accumulate its needed capitals and technology to expand and develop its horizon, without the government's protective measures. If there is anything the government should do at this time of Korea's economic stage, that is to lay down general and broad guid-lines for the private sector's open competition in its market.
Like in many other modern democratic nations the ROK's Constitution offered the provision of the national economy and allowed the government to regulate the economy in order to maintain the order and stability in the nation. And in recent years the government is actively regulating and guiding the monopoly activities in the business as many business groupings have began swinging their muscles. This is one area the government has to intervene for the sake of orderly business condition in the private sect.
As we have noted so far it is not easy to draw the line how far and where the government has to come and go, and this has to let our civilized minds and both the government and the private sector have to work together bringing some understanding. Besides, there is always most promising line which can be drawn; that is, our sound common sense which should be respected in our everyday decision and judgement.
Now if the government is committed toward the private sector initiated economy, then there are a few things to be reckoned with.
First, the relation between the government and the business has to be a horizontal one from the vertical and more of directive nature in the past. It has to be a coordinative and cooperative relationship as the government is more concerned with the basic direction of the economic policy and its operation. The administrative guidances are to be just that, no more and no less. The government has to realize that the role of the government has its limit as this has to be done by a few technocrats in the economic ministries.
The building of the economic program plannings has to alter its method from the command planning to the indicative planning. And this does necessitate from the beginning of the planning a broader participation of all concerned and many interested parties, such as the worker, consumer, businessman, government and the professional, etc. In other words, there has to be the mutual cooperative mechanism between the government and the private sector.
Secondly, the role of the government and the business is expected to be the mutually complimental one, rather than the mutually exclusive relation. There is no reason why each should insist on anyone's exclusive privilege and right as each ignores others. Again the broader common sense has to prevail in resolving any role differences.
The government should generally concerned more with the issues of public goods and interests, and at where the public authorities are in need as well as the field of social infra-structure for the investment and its maintenance. On the other hand, the selection of the capital investment and the price determination of all commercial goods other than the people's daily necessity are to be left to the free market economy for the maintenance and its development.
These are pre-requisites for the introduction of the private sector initiated economy into our ever maturing social system and to the national economy. In order to realize newly motivated the business initiated economic structure there are a few things methodically we have to follow and prepare. And they are, first, the administrative structure and its processes of the central government have to restructured. This is in line with the 5th five year economic and social development programs focusing on the promotion of the national welfare, and this somewhat shifted direction of the national purpose is on the same road with the proposed new direction of the economic system. Like in other administrative operations the central government should only deal with the policy related matters and laying the guiding principles as all other business related administrative regulations are to be handled at the local government. Now we notice most of the business related matters are directly handled at top of the government machinery, that is, at the Ministry and the higher up, and these are against the basics of good administration. It is highly desired that the business and the nation's all corporations can deal the government related business matters at the nearby local authorities, and this is no doubt will help the development of the local autonomy and the region's economic development as well as the viable business relationship with the broad-based consumers.
Furthermore, there shall be no more secretive policy decisions which affecting the private sector's life and death matters. For this, the government should be able to intro-duce an advanced notice system of any new government regulation prior this becomes operative. From those many blunt enforcement of the economic administration in the past we have noticed this new methods may not be easy to adjust, but we have to learn and do it. This introduction of the administration's advance notice system should not be limited there, but also the proclamations of the regulation and the orders are like to be considered for the same pratices.
In the past the government's policy decision was very direct and simplistic one way decision and this was just and imposed on the nation's business. Once it did owrk and many bureaucrats are still living on the past euphoria and do not know when to change its life style. It is now.
Secondly, it is much pressed issues that there is a need for the reform of the government finance and the monetary system in this nation. More than anything else, if we are to cope with the necessary financial resources of the government in order to realize the promised welfare society and to shift the economic system to the business-led model, then there is the need for the nation's tax system. Further, as there is also the need for restructuring the nation's bud-get system separating the capital budget from the operating budget, many government businesses, such as the railroad transportation and the mono-poly of tobacco, etc., are to be transfered gradually over to the private sector. And this is also same for all government controled banking and other related business. The monetary system in this country has been for the long time subservient to the government's fiscal authorities and this structural problem has to somehow change. The monetary authorities has to become more independent and then should be able to deal the monetary issues creatively, and particularly the unprincipled monetary favoritism on any specific field and corporation is to be ceased for good.
Thirdly, there is the strong need and expectation for the revitalization of the free market economy in this nation. To this point we have been accustomed of the goverment intervention and the economic system has been in operation passively from the private sector's viewpoint. To assist the vitalization of the systematic operation of the nation's economy the government has to respect the principles of capitalistic economy found on the profit motives and further to guide for the fair competition in the market, by eliminating all undesirable conditions and elements existing. In the past we have noticed that the excessive price control had hurt the price stability contrary to its intent.
Fourth, there has to be a sound management and worker relationship, if we are to expect the stable environment of the nation's economy. In the advanced countries we have often noticed serious and harmful management and labor relationship under the business-led and initiated economic structure and usually this situation has forced the economic condition to sag. Unless the business is ready and able to deal with the labor disputes without the government interference, the private sector initiated economy does not means much for the least.
Along the line of our drive for the welfare state, the government should be able to propose and build a sound social security system for the nation's working people. And at the same time the business is expected to come up with the adequate wage structure along with the fringe benefit system well found in the advanced nations. When these conditions are well established, the workers are to work hard as they are expected, and this will help further development of the business-led economy in this country.
Fifth, the preparation and willingness of the private sector of this changing direction is at issue. If we look back the past business practices it is not entirely the government which is responsible for its strong handed drive, but rather they have been very inept and afraid of getting out of the strong-hand and in a sense the business has been comfortable and not responsible for any failure. The business mistrusted their own capacity, and therefore even now there is some risk involved in deciding and guiding the business out of its traditional comfortable shell.
The business initiated economy is onething not. That is, thi8is definitely not laissez faire open system we mean, rather it has to take enormous responsibility. As the government probably will more focus into the matter of business environment and the policy matter, the business has to become independently creative in persuing the free market economy.
As we have noted in the beginning all modern democratic nation persue for the system of the mixed economy, and only differences among so many nations are on what degree the nation is encouraging the private sector's own initiatives and individual freedom. More mature the democratic institution, more encourage the private sector to do its own business.
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