国语运动的教育实践：《国语文》的编纂逻辑与历史意义

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Compiled by Ma Guoying in 1923, Guoyu Wen stands as a pivotal text in both the National Language Movement and the modern transformation of Chinese language education. The book systematically expounds on the advantages of vernacular Chinese over classical Chinese in terms of expressive clarity and educational accessibility, embodying a distinct stance of unifying spoken and written language. Structured into three chapters—General Introduction, Text Types, and Research Methods—it places ordinary prose and literary works on an equal footing, and formally incorporates practical genres such as news reports, advertisements, and contracts into the teaching system, thereby enhancing the practical dimension of language education. The textbook emphasizes the systematic cultivation of students’ writing skills at three levels: words, sentences, and paragraphs. It advocates avoiding obscure words and dialectal expressions in word choice; constructing sentences in accordance with grammatical rules and close to colloquial usage; and organizing paragraphs based on temporal-spatial sequence or logical coherence. In terms of form, it adopts horizontal typesetting and modern punctuation marks, echoing the call for linguistic modernization through its physical format. By criticizing the hierarchical discourse in traditional letters and advocating equal expression, Guoyu Wen also carries the ideological enlightenment spirit of the May Fourth era. Its practices in genre classification, writing instruction, and formal innovation still hold significant historical enlightenment for contemporary Chinese language education, particularly regarding how to balance literariness and practicality, and how to respond to the expressive demands amid social changes.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

马国英在1923 年编纂的《国语文》，是国语运动与语文教育现代转型的关键文本。该书系统论述国语文相较于文言文在表达清晰性、教育普及性方面的优势，体现了言文一致的鲜明立场。全书结构分为概说、种类与研究法三章，将普通文与艺术文并置，并将新闻、广告、契约等实用文体正式纳入教学体系，提升了语文教育的实用面向。教材强调从词、句、段三个层面系统培养学生写作能力，主张用词应避免生僻与方言，造句需符合语法并贴近口语，分段则应依据时空或逻辑顺序。形式上，该书采用横向排版与新式标点，以物质形态呼应语言现代化的诉求。通过批判传统书信中的等级话语、倡导平等表达，《国语文》亦承载了五四时期的思想启蒙精神。其在文体分类、写作教学与形式革新等方面的实践，对当代语文教育如何平衡文学性与实用性、如何回应社会变迁中的表达需求，仍具有重要的历史启示意义。