The road to peace and to moral democracy : an encyclopedia of peace.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• [Volume. 1]----------
• CONTENTS
• Foreword / Robert M. Maclver[Professor] = xiii
• Preface / Henry Smith Leiper = 1
• Note on the Author / Albert Simard[Dr.] = 10
• A Short Outline of the Book "The Road to Peace and to Moral Democracy" An Encyclopedia of Peace = 12
• CHAPTER Ⅰ THE HOUR OF DESTINY
• The Three Roads = 17
• The International Effects of the Atomic Bomb = 23
• The Atomic Problem in Legislation and Political thought in 1946, 1947, 1948 and First Half of 1949 = 47
• The American Proposal before the Atomic Energy Committee of the United Nations = 55
• How to Reform the United Nations? = 86
• The Maximalism of Emery Reves = 101
• The size of Danger. Destructive Forces Unleasdhed = 104
• The Lessons of History = 110
• The World Crisis and the Decline of the European Economy Weakened Civilizatio in the Face of the Aggressor's Brutal Assault = 126
• Germany's Pathological Mentality = 141
• The Factor of Time Favored the Democracies to the Extent that They used It to Mobilize Their Military and Industrial Resources before the Enemy Could Stabilize His Positions and Make Them Impregnable = 144
• History's Decisive Battles. The Organization of victory and Its Premises. The World After the War. The Reform of International Law, of World Economy and of Internal Economic Systems.The Expansion of Communism = 148
• CHAPTER Ⅱ THE GERMAN ENEMY
• Part Ⅰ
• The Prediction of Jos$$\acute e$$Ortega y Gasset. The Germany of William Ⅱ, Her Economic Successes, Her Militarism = 164
• Germany's Historical Patern and That of the German National Character = 170
• Prussia, the Reactionaries, the Proponents of Pan ­ Germanism and the Racists = 180
• The Collapse of the German Economy because of the First World War. Defeat and Its Consequences. The Fate of the Weimar Republic and the Advent of Hilerian Racism = 189
• The Nazi Regime and the Economy of Aggression The Organized Pillage of Europe = 204
• Racism and the Exigencies of Organized Pillage = 221
• Germany after the Defeat. The Evidence of the Nuernberg Trials = 225
• The Data Disclosed at the Nuernberg Trials = 228
• PART Ⅱ
• Appendix Ⅰ Briand ­ Kellogg Pact as a Basis for the Prosecution of War Criminals = 252
• Appendix Ⅱ Excerpts from Gerneral Marshall's Report of October 10, 1945 = 252
• Appendix Ⅲ The Rise of Himmler and the Policies of Gestapo in Eastern Europe = 257
• Appendix Ⅳ The Growth of the Nazi Ideas = 262
• Appendix Ⅴ Pan ­ Germanist Schemes = 268
• Appendix Ⅵ Friedrich Sieburg's Book, Which Reveals the German Soul = 270
• Appendix Ⅶ The Economic Theories of Ferdinand Fried and the Nazis = 276
• Appendix Ⅷ spann's Universalism and Its Influence on German Reactionaries and on the Nazis = 281
• Appendix Ⅸ The Critique of Nazi Racial Theory = 285
• Appendix Ⅹ The Pursuit of the Utopia of a German Roman Empire Accounts for German Barbarism and Backwardness = 308
• Appendix XI Italian Fascism, Germany and Japan = 331
• Appendix XII Text of an Appeal by the Union for the Protection of the Human Person and by the Committee for the Defense of the Rights of Jews in Central and Eastern Europe Published in April 1943. STOP THE MURDERS IN POLAND NOW = 336
• Appendix XIII Germany between Two World Wars, Some Dates = 342
• CHAPTER Ⅲ SOVIET RUSSIA AND THE WESTERN WORLD
• Part Ⅰ
• The European Roots of Russian Culture = 351
• Stalin Declares Wars Inevitable. Russia and the Allies. = 362
• Critique of Marxism. The Proletarian Art and Culture. = 365
• Russia and the Western World. = 370
• The Clash of the Destinies of Russia and Germany. The Age ­ Old German Threat against Russia. German Plans for the Dismemberment of Russia. The German System for the Economic Exploitation of Occupied Territories in Russia. Hitler and the Resignation of General von Brauchitsch. = 375
• The Historical Meaning of the Russian Revolution. The Soviet Economy. The Future of the Russian Peasant. = 399
• The Role of the Red Army. Russia in Ruins. Russia and Japan. Russian Relations with Turkey and Iran. The Possibility of a Transition toward a Democratic Regime. Russian Emigr$$\acute e$$s and the War. = 422
• The Russian Victories and the Russian Political Emigr$$\acute e$$s. = 439
• Why the Human and Civic Rights were not Protected by the Allies in the Parts of Poland Ceded to Russia? = 449
• Russian Losses, Russian Victories, and Russian Needs. = 452
• Part Ⅱ
• The Wrong Direction Taken at Yalta. Soviet Russia's Activities in the Occupied Territories. The Potsdam Conference. = 454
• The General Anxiety Following the Failure of the September 1945 London Conference. Survivors in Camps. The Dangers of a too Rapid Evacuation of Germany and Japan. President Truman's Speech of October 28, 1945. Private Ownership in the Soviet Zone of Germany. The Senate Subcommittee on Military Affairs Alarmed by the Potential Prodective Force of Germany. German Industrialists preparting Revenge. The Difficulties of UNRRA. = 473
• France. Refugees in France. The Sufferings of France. De Gaulle and the Danger of Communist Dictotorship. Italy in 1945 and 1946. The Lessons of Our Mistakes. = 481
• Russia and the Western Allies in the Year 1946. European Political Geography in June 1946. France in 1946. Peron's Victory. = 495
• The Paris Conference of Foreign Ministers （April 25, 1946, to May 15, 1946） and Its Consequences. The French and Italian Elections of May 1946 and Their Aftermath. Situation in Germany. Reconvening of the paris Conference on June 15, 1946. Security Council on the Franco Regime in Spain. From the Metting of the Big Four Foreign Ministers to the End of the Peace Conference concerning Germany's Stellites. = 515
• The End of the Year 1946 and the Beginning of 1947. = 549
• The 1947 Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers. The "Truman Doctrine."The Victory of Paul Ramadier and L$$\acute e$$on Blum. First French Coalition Government without Communist Members. Grave Difficulties in Germany. Cruelties of Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and the Break with the United States. = 578
• Turkish Racists Want War. Balkan Question in the Security Council. The Expansion of Communism. = 597
• Soviet Coup in Hungary. Historic speech of Secretary of State Marshall at Harvard University on June 5, 1947. The Marshall Plan and the Refusal of the Soviets and Their satellites to Participate in Its Realization. France asks Guarantees against German Steel Industry. Greek Frontiers before the Security Council. The Vatican and the Federal Council of the Chruches fo Christ in America on a Just Peace. = 603
• Part Ⅲ
• Events and Commentaries in the Autumn of 1947. The Marshall Plan. The UN General Assembly. The Cominform. Events in Europe. France and Italy. = 614
• Arnold Toynbee on the Dangers Menacing Our Civilization. = 645
• The Winter of 1947­1948. The progress of the Marshall Plan. Developments in Europe. The Breakdown of the London Conference. The Rape of Czechoslovakia. Creation of the West European Alliance. The World­Wide Defense against Communism. The Marshall Plan Accepted. = 647
• Spring, summer and Autumn of 1948, Italian Elections. Peace Program of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America and of the American Council of Christian Churches. General Smith and Molotov. Resolution of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in Favor of American Support of Regional Alliances. Fight for the Marshall Plan in Congrss. Accords on Western Germany. Crisis in Berlin and the LImits of the Concessions of the Democracies. Developments in Europe. Assembly of the World Council of Churches. Tito and Stalin. Paris Meeting of the UN General Assembly and of the Security Council. = 679
• Tito and Stalin = 696
• Last Months of 1948. small Powers against the "Cold War.": Events in Britain and Dominions. Coal Strike in France. The German problem as seen by France. Britain and America with Regard to the Marshall Plan. Greece. Fusion of Socialists and Communists in Poland. Isolation of the Soviet Bloc in the United Nations. Agreement about the Ruhr. Revival of German Reactionay Groups. Hope for a Free Russia. The Beginning of 1949. From the Western European Alliance to the Atlantic Pact. After the Atlantic Pact was Signed and the Creation of the Western German State was Assured, Stalin Agreed to End the Berlin Blockade and a Meeting of Four Foreign Ministers on Germany, Berlin and Austria was Arranged. Paris Conference of Foreign Ministers. British Financial Crisis in 1949. United States ratified the Atlantic Pact. Council of Europe. German Elections. East German State. Atomic Explosion in Soviet Russia and Its Consequences. = 716
• Part Ⅳ
• Short chronicle of events in 1950. The British elections of February 23, 1950, gave the Labor Party a very small majority. New elections seemed inevitable in a few months. The elections of March 1950 in Greece, France, Germany, United States, Britain and the international situation. The shadow of the hydrogen bomb. Answering Senators McMahon and Millard E. Tydings, Secretary Acheson declared on February 8, 1950, that the Soviets would accept an agreement only if faced by the superior strength of the democracies. The reactions of the French and British press to Secretary Acheson's speech. In a campaign speech Churchill called for new direct talks with Stalin. Opinions of scientists, Church leaders and great Church bodies on the problems of atomic weapons, disarmament and peace = 832
• The London Conference of Foreign Ministers of the three Western Powers was followed by a conference of the twelve North Atlantic Powers. The Schuman Plan for the unification of the coal and steel industries of France, Germany and other West European countries. Trygve Lie expressed desire to see cold war terminated through immediate conversations with Soviet Russia. He also proposed a plan for a 20 years peace. General Bradley stated his belief in the necessity of rearming Germany, while Acheson remained opposed to this rearmament. Statement of the British Labor Party Opposing the schuman Plan and a complete economic unification of Western Europe. Britain could accept unification only with nations that adopt the principles of full employment, social justice and economic stability. Schuman proposed, after the creation of a supra ­ national authority for coal and steel production, the establishment of European parliament to deal with questions concerning this authority. = 858
• The Aggression in Korea. = 873
• The Korea war and the UN. Extension of U.S. financial aid for West European rearmament. Acheson took a new position favoring the inclusion of German armed forces in Western Europe's defense system. The Archbishop of Canterbury on red China. In a speech made before the UN General Assembly on September 20, 1950, Secretary Acheson submitted a plan enabling the General Assembly to assume the powers of the Security Council, whenever the latter is paralyzed by abuse of the veto. The General Assembly accepted Acheson's proposals. The war in Korea : landing at Wolmi and Inchon. The General Assembly rejected the Soviet "peace plan" on November 17, 1950. Red Chinese "volunteers" invaded Korea and saved the North Korean army from full disintegration. Britain suggested a cautious policy with regard to Red China. The offensive of UN troops in Korea on November 24, 1950, failed. Insolent behavior of Red Chines General Wu­Hsiu­chuan in the UN. = 881
• After a consultation with Premier Pleven, Prime Minister Attlee, in full agreement with Churchill and Eden, flew to the U.S. to present to Mr. Truman the common viewpoint of the British Commonwealth and of France. The Brussels Conference. General Eisenhower was appointed head of the future Atlantic Pact army. on November 3, 1950, the Soviets proposed a new Four Power Conference on Germany. Previously, on October 18, the Soviet government warned the Western Powers that it would not tolerate the rearmament of Western Germany. Isolationist speeches of Joseph P. Kennedy and of former President Herbert Hoover. Governor Thomas E. Dewey supported the foreign policy of Senator Vandenberg and of John Fostr Dulles. = 917
• The Four Power Conference of the deputies of Foreign Ministers began on March 5, 1951. Its purpose was to explore and define an agenda for the future Conference of the Foreign Ministers. The Democracies wanted to stress the real causes of international tensions before engaging in a study of the German problem. The Soviets asked for an Immediate discussion of the demilitarization of Germany. They also proposed a Conference of Five Great Powers, including Red China, to discuss the peace treaty with Japan. This move was an answer to the American draft of a peace treaty with Japan. An agreement on the agenda of the future Conference of the Foreign Ministers was not attained and the proposed Conference was not held. = 929
• India, facing the threat of famine, asked the United States to supply it with 2 min. tons of grain. American draft of the peace treaty with Japan. Brilliant activities of John Foster Dulles. Many allies criticized his text of the treaty. Mass release of the German war criminals. Protest of British Attorney General, Sir Hartley William Shawcross. Neo ­ Nazis achieved a disquieting success in the elections in Lower Saxony and in Austria. The government of Red China rejected all offers of a cease ­ fire in Korea as a preliminary to the discussion of Far East problems. Great debate in Congress on the sending of American troops to Europe. Chinese offensive of January and February 1951. An offensive of U.S. and UN troops on February 21 gave allies an excellent position. The dismissal of General MacArthur, April 11, 1951. On May 2, the battle of Seoul was won by the UN. The conflict between the two warring forces reached a stalemate = 932
• 1951. The second phase of the Chinese spring offensive also ended in failure. Malik called for talks leading to a cease ­ fire and an armistice in Korea. Aneurin Bevan resigns as British Minister of Labor. Disagreement between U.S. and Britain concerning the Far East, the tariff policies and raw materials. A crisis in Iran. The return to America of General MacArthur. Hearings before the Armed Forces Committee and Foreign Relations Committee of the Senate. Truman's administration reiterated the firmness of its policy on Formosa, the seating of Red China in the UN, and the embargo on merchandise sent to China by members of the UN. The program of defense establishment and a mutual security program. = 940
• A new Neo ­ Fascist international movement. Fall of French Premier Ren$$\acute e$$ Pleven. The Queuille cabinet. Prince Baudouin became king of Belgium on July 16, 1951. Municipal elections in Italy （May and June 1951）> The question on the role of Spain in the defense of Europe. Britain and France opposed to any deal with Franco. Conference of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions in Milan. The Indian fire ­ year plan. Frictions in Israel between moderate socialists and the religious bloc. Grave offense to the national feeling of anti ­ Communist Russia in a speech of Secretary Acheson of June 26, 1951. The principles of the American Committee for Free Russia, Brilliant speeches of Senator Ralph E. Flanders and of Wallace C. Speers, Sr,, concerning friendship with the people of Russia. The Committee stressed the necessity to return to the policy of Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby, which guaranteed the integrity of Russian territory pending the establishment in Russia of a truly democratic government. = 952
• Part Ⅴ
• Signature of an interim report on the creation of a "European army." Eisenhower's headquarters opened on July 23, 1951, at Marly le Roi, France. Britain approved the inclusion of Greece and Turkey in the Atlantic Pact. Dutch criticized the setup of the NATO. Britain suggested international agreements to put ceilings on world prices of raw materials. The Quakers received from Malik a reply to their seven ­ point peace program. The problem of the European Federation widely discussed. World Council of Churches on Peace. = 963
• Herbert Morrison succeeded in publishing an article in the Moscow "Pravda" Shvernik in an outburst of propaganda answered the words of friendship toward to people of Russia uttered by Congressmen and by Mr. Truman. In august 1951, France formed a new Government headed by M. Pleven. Senator Lodge on the causes of China's downfall. Peace treaty with Japan successfully concluded at San Francisco Conference （september 8, 1951） French government ready to discuss the inclusion of German divisions in the European army instead of "teams" as previously suggested by the French. Technical progress of atomic weapons permits shifting them to tactical, instead of strategical, use. = 971
• Stumbling blocks to the success of the Korean Armistice negotiations: methods of supervision of the cease ­ fire, questions of the line of the cease ­ fire, right to build airfields in North Korea and ­ worst of all ­ modalities of exchange of war prisoners. Diaries of the late Secretary Forrestal and of the late Senator Vandenberg reveal origins of the U.S. Far Eastern policy. Nehru fights communism in India and consolidates the economic development of the country. The Kashmir problem. Pakistan. The murder of Liaquat Ali Khan. Troubles in Pathanistan. Difficulties in the parts of Bengal belonging respectively to India and to Pakistan. Murder of Sir Henry L. G. Gurney, British High Commissioner in Malasya. = 981
• Seven U.S. Senators and seven Reprsentatives took partk in a joint meeting with the members of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, on November 19, 1951. = 987
• New unsuccessful discussions of disarmament with U.S.S.R. in November 1951. On November 19, the Japanese ratified the San Francisco Peace Treaty and the Security Pact with the U.S. Atlantic Treaty Council convened in Rome. The French idea of pooling economic resources of member nations still neglected. On December 13, French National Assembly approved in first reading the Schuman Plan to integrate the steel and coal industries of Western Europe. Two different plans for a future European army were studied in December by the statesmen of France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg. Publication of "Road to Survival," by William Vogt. Churchill promised to support the future European army without British participation in it. German Social Democrats remain opposed to the Schuman Plan and to the plan for a "European Army." = 991
• Results of the Ottawa and Rome conferences of NATO. Vincent Auriol and Churchill suggested discussions with Stalin. U.S. agreed to discuss the problem of disarmement in the UN with Vishinsky. Padilla Nervo, President of UN General Assembly, presided over these meetins. On October 15, Truman's speech invited the Soviets to discuss peace and disarmament. Exchange of statements by U.S. Ambassador Alan G. Kirk and Vishinsky. Senator Taft asked greater efforts from Western Europe. Paul Hoffman proposed to extend to free nations economic aid mounting to 2 billions per year. French Premier Ren$$\acute e$$ Pleven on December 13 obtained the approval of the Schuman Plan bill. Taft's views on Foreign policy. De Gaulle's conception of European confederation. = 999
• German imbroglio. Dr. Hans Christian Seebohm, Minister in the Cabinet of Adenauer, asked for the reestablishment of the old frontiers of Germany, including Alsace and Lorraine. He declared that "Germany is the heart of Europe, and the Limbs must adjust themselves to the heart, not the heart to the limbs." Dr. Thoma Dehler, another Minister in the Cabinet of Adenauer, stated that "Germany is no more guilty than France of World War Ⅰ." （He Considered their guilt as secondary and attributed the principal responsibility to Russia and Austria. He thus attacked the Versailles Treaty based on German guilt.） Bishop Dibelius demanded that talks on unification be initiated between Eastern and Western Germany. Adenauer attempted to induce West Germany to accept the plan of a European army. The Labor Government had maintained its previous attitude on the German question. German Social Democrats gained many votes and seats in local elections. The Neo­Nazis achieved considerable success in the elections. Numerous former Nazis and collaborators of Hitler were found occupying prominent positions in Foreign Office of Adenauer's government. A draft of treaty establishing, with some restrictions, sovereignty of Western Germany in exchange for its participation in European army was ready at the end of October 1951. Socialists and Rightists attack Adenauer. General Eisenhower asked NATO for 66­70 divisions = 1006
• The Iranian question. Egypt unilaterally abrogated treaties granting Britain rights in suez Canal zone and in Sudan. Guerilla fighting against Britain in Suez Canal zone. Riots in Casablanca. Dictatorship established in Syria. British Trade Union Congress in Blackpool opened on September 3, 1951. British Labor Conference in Scarborough. British elections. Conservative victory. Ren$$\acute e$$ Pleven returns as Premier in August 1951. Cantonal Elections. Dr. Seebohm's policy. "Elections" and economic crash in Argentina. = 1013
• Uruguay constitutional reform. Tito becomes military ally of the West. Opposing viewpoints on the programs of economic development of backward countries : George A. sloan and Herman Santa Cruz. Resettlement of displaced persons from I.R.O. camps. Plan of relief for the Arab Palestine refugees. West Germany engaged in diplomatic conversations on minimum :reparations" for Nazi mass murders to Israel and to Jewish welfare organizations. Walter Lippmann advised a negotiated peace with Red China covering all issues of Far East. = 1024
• German generals, glorifying their role in Second World War, demanded full amnesty for all war criminals as condition for collaboration with the West. Ren$$\acute e$$ Pleven asked for American and British guarantee against eventuality of Germany preparing new aggression after rearmament. French National Assembly continued cool to plan of European army. Edouard Daladier refused to believe that "if we reject this project the U.S. will play the German card." To provide for such eventuality, "France should," in his opinion, "return to freedom in her international policy." Obstacles to creation of European confederation. French cabinet of Edgar Faure. On January 11, 1952, the West German Bundestag ratified schuman Plan. Adenauer renewed quarrel with France on status of Saar. West Germany asked to be included in Atlantic Pact alliance. = 1028
• Vishinsky proposed to open Security Council debate on the Korean armistice. His offer was rejected. In his speech of January 12, 1952, Vishinsky made two concessions to Western views on atomic control. UN General Assembly strongly supported Western Powers in its resolutions. Creation of a new Commission on disarmament. The small nations won a fight in the Trusteeship Committee of UN General Assembly on rights of Trust territories. In January 1952, UN General Assembly voted to prepare a plan looking toward the creation of large international fund for economic development of backward areas. = 1041
• Churchill brought from Washington its written promise not to use American atomic bombers stationed in Britain without British agreement, and concluded series of agreements on economic$$\acute e$$ problems. He was criticized in Britain for a sentence in his speech before the U.S. Congress admitting possibility of extension of Koran war. Problems of international economic policy confronting U.S. and Britain. British economic difficulties. Economic difficulties of France. Economic successes of West Germany. Reforms in India. Japanese problems. Riot in Cairo on January 26, 1952. Troubles in Tunisia. British consulates in Iran closed on demand of Iranian government. = 1047
• Books by George F. Kennan, Paul G. Hoffman and Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas. An article of Arthur Hays Sulzberger. Statement of Institute for Associated Research. Scientific discoveries. In the same manner in which the Greek invaders learned the cultural achievements of the Pelasgic and Aegean Peoples, the barbarian Indo ­ European （Aryan） invaders of India learned the urban life of the Punjab Harappa kingdom whose cities were burned and destroyed destroyed by Indo­ Europeans. During this migrations, the Indo ­ Europeans learned from the fringes of the Sumero ­ Akkadian civilization the use of the war chariot, the metal shaft ­ hole axe and numerous cultural acquistitions including a seven tones musical scale. General Arnold's report. = 1054
• Definitive description of Hitler's campaign in Russia, according to most recent information. The Western resolution on UN armed forces = 1064
• Debates on proposed European army in French National Assembly. Deputy Georges Heuillard, who was dying as a result of tortures suffered in German concentration camp, asked France to distrust Germans and not to let his sons serve alongside the torturers of their father. After a long fight, Socialists decided to vote for a compromise proposal put forward by Edgar Faure, while adding many restrictions to it. Authorization to negotiate on establishment of a European Defense Community voted by 327 to 287 with numerous restrictions ­ including request that America promise to keep U.S. troops in Europe. Gaullists, Jules Moch, Daladier and 50 members of Faure's majority voted against compromise proposal, as did also the communists. = 1069
• Three Western Foreign Ministers concluded a "Agreement on outstanding issues" with Adenauer. Settlement included creation of Four Power Commission with German membership for revising condemnation of war criminals ­ a revision close to the heart to New­Nazis and former Nazis. = 1076
• [Volume. 2]----------
• CONTENTS
• To The Readers of the Book THE ROAD TO PEACE AND TO MORAL DEMOCRACY / Robert M. MacIver[Professor] = xvii
• Letter of Professor Henri Laugier, former Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations, to the author. = xvii
• Letter of Sr. Hern$$\acute a$$n Santa Cruz, former President of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, to the author. = xviii
• Synopsis of the book THE ROAD TO PEACE AND TO MORAL DEMOCRACY, An Encyclopedia of Peace. = xix
• CHAPTER Ⅲ SOVIET RUSSIA AND THE WESTERN WORLD
• Part Ⅵ
• The Lisbon Conference of NATO opened in happy mood : and a blueprint, calling for 50 divisions （25 of them reserve division）, to be ready at the end of 1952, was approved. Britain firmly refused to join future "European" Army. Secretary Lovett promised to increase American air forces in Europe, but stated that the present 6 American divisions would not be reinforced. Reform of NATO organization. Fall of the faure cabinet. = 1
• Causes and consequences of fall of Faure cabinet. Expenses in curred by France in Indo­China. U.S. High Commissioner McCloy again warned of dangers of Neo­Nazism in Germany. The Cabinet of Antoine Pinay supported by the majority of the French National Assembly. Aneurin Bevan's group voted against the resolutions of official Labor Party leadership. In March 1952, House of Reprsentatives rejected bill on Universal Military Training. German Social Democrats continued to oppose rearmament of Western Germany. They hoped to implement German unification by peaceful means. They also demanded that, if the rearmament would become necessary, U.S. and Britain station a large number of their own divisions in Western Germany. Unity and discipline of British Labor Party was provisorily restored. Friction in Greece between government and an American diplomat. = 8
• Soviet note of March 10 proposed Four ­ Power talks and unification of an armed but neutralized Germany. This proposal strengthened position of all German elementts preferring unification of their country to military alliance with West. James Warburg suggested unified but neutral Germany. However h could not give a guarantee against possibility of a Soviet ­ German alliance. New setbacks in French ­ German relations due to the Saar questions. Demonstration of Italian nationalists in Trieste. First meeting of UN disarmament commission. Malik's dastardly calumnies charging U.S. disseminates germs of disease in Northern Korea. Conflicting American and Soviet plans of disarmament. Riots in Tunisia. The Netherlands planned to give treaties, promoting the development of international legal order, precedence over Dutch law, provided such treaties would be approved by 2／3 parliamentary majority. Racial persecutions in Malan's South Africa. His fight against Supreme Court of Union of South Africa. Pastor Niemoeller in favor of peace negotiations with communist nations. On March 25 the West answered Soviet note of March 10. Suggestions of Cole outlining how to promote future extension of influence exercised by British Labor Party. The New York Post suggested unified, demilitarized and denazified Germany, based on free elections and guaranteed against aggression. = 18
• Savage attacks on General Lucius D. Clay in Munich magazine. New Soviet note on Germany of April 9, 1952. The Allied notes of May 13, 1952. Steadily increasing opposition in Germany, France and Britain to immediate signature of "contractual agreement" with West Germany and of the European army treaty. Joint discussion of German problem by British, French and German socialists. New British measures in Malaya. Brazillian War Minister resigned after criticism of his alleged tolerance toward communists in army. Queen Juliana before the U.S. Congress. "Contractual agreement" and treaty on a European army signed, but not yet ratified, by all signatories. Annual report of General Eisenhower as Supreme commander of NATO armed forces. Arrest and liberation of jacques Duclos. New plan of disarmament proposed by three Great Democratic Powers. Bloody riots in Tokyo and among North Korean war prisoners. Japan assumed full sovereignty on April 28. Difficulties of India. Locusts in Middle East. In the UN, Lord Selkirk of the United Kingdom, and Raymond Scheyven of Belgium ask facilities for European exports destined to U.S. = 30
• Successes of Neo ­ Fascists in South Italy's municipal elections. Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ready to give its opinion on constitutionaliy of bill creating European army. German problem at French Socialist Congress in Montrouge. Edouard Herriot asked United States not to build up German military strength. gains of British Labor Party in local municipal and country elections. Senator Taft and General Eisenhower outlined their foreign policies. Blunder committed by newspaper Le Monde, which generally enjoys reputation of great honesty. Walter Lippmann called attention to Statesmen who want to create "a new class of German officers, not letting themselves be hurried and pressured into reinstalling the old German officers' corps in the seats of power in Bonn."Britain complained that she and UN had not been consulted before United States bombed power plants on Yalu river and other power plants. On June 18, Japan recognized Formosa regime as government of China. Former Japanese war criminals reenter political life. Economic and Social Council of UN on June 23, 1952, authorized establishment of committee of experts to draft project concerning a development fund for backward countries. Great Powers would not make commitments to support the project. = 46
• On June 24, 1952, Jules Moch, on behalf of the French government, proposed a briliant plan aimed at reconciling American and Soviet plans of disarmament. Dr. Cyril Garbett, Archbishop of York, and many prominent British personalities asked that use of jellified gasoline bombs （napalm） in Korean war be discontinued. Political philosophy of Aneurin Bevan. On July 10, 1952, Western note on preliminary conference to deal exclusively with conditions of international inquiry into prospects of free elections in Germany was sent to Moscow. Western Powers maintained their view, expressed previously in the declarations of May 13, that future unified Germany would be free to conclude alliance with them. Report of the President's Materials Policy Commission. Nazis as high officers of West German government. Korean parliament and President Rhee. Convention on the minimum standards of social security was adopted by International Labor Organization on June, 1952 = 61
• The events in the NATO countries and in Western Germany. = 71
• The Soviet note of August 23. British Trades Union Congress. Daladier and Herriot criticize the plan of the European army. French moral victory in the Saar elections. The Nazis in the West German Foreign office. President Vincent Auriol declares that the French are offended by the undervaluation of their sacrifices and by the unfair criticisms of their role in North Africa. First British atomic weapon exploded. Joint meeting of the International Monetary fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Anthony Eden in Strasbourg. Japanese elections. socialist Congress in Milan. = 73
• The events in Egypt. = 83
• The events in Iran. = 86
• Stalin and Malenkov at a Communist Party Congress in October 1952. The reform of the party and the new five year plan. = 88
• Japanese Cabinet. Suspension of the Korean armistice negotiations. Riots among war prisoners and civilian communists detained in South Korea. south Korean war aims. Troubles in Indonesia. Terrorism in Kenya. Severe fighting in Indo­China. Asian socialist Congress. Elections in Greece. = 92
• Bolivia nationalized tin. The report of Mr. Trygve Lie. Indian proposals for the Korean peace rejected by the communist bloc. The implementation of the Schuman plan. The Eden plan and a plan on the development of colonies accepted by the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe. NATO Council meeting in Paris. Mock ­ trial in Prague with a new note of calumnies against zionism. Nehru five year plan. Purge of French communists. New President of Israel. UN and French North Africa. Iranian question. Lawlessness in Venezuela and Colombia. Situation in Peru and Chile. Commonwealth Conference. = 98
• German imbroglio. General Ramcke asserts the democratic allies are the true war criminals. Conflict of adenauer with Supreme Court. Free Democratic party infiltrated by pro­nazi elements. Lukaschek demands Sudeten area for Germany. 800 Nazis elected councellors and mayors in Lower Saxony. Dr. Seebohm wants to regain Sudeten area. French Council of the Republic condemns the return of nazism and Pan ­ Germanism in Germany. Ren$$\acute e$$ Mayer forms a cabinet in France. Bidault takes the place of Schuman in Foreign Affairs. Mayer ties the question of the European army to new guarantees to be given France, and to the solution of the Saar questions. father Reinhold on Germany. Strasbourg drafts the plans of the future supra ­ national government. Mr. Hechinger on Germany. Truman's last State of the Union message. The massacre in Oradour ­ sur ­ Glane. Communist conspiracy in Pakistasn. The trial in Metz. The Moscow fairy tale accusations against 9 physicians. Nazi plot discovered by the British. Britain Favors simple intergovernmental collaboration in Europe. Naguib discovers a plot. American report on the increase of Nazism's influence. （A report of the Office of Public Affairs of the U.S. High Commissioner in Germany.） The draft of the six nation political authority. = 103
• A deep clevage : the partisans of the six power federation opposed to the partisans of free international collaboration. Economic results of 1952. The policy of Erich Ollenhauer. Naguib creates a "liberation front." Pope's Christmas message. Hitler's diabolical plans. Truman's last annual economic report. = 117
• Adenauer protests the arrest by British of seven Nazi leaders but recognizes later the existence of a dangerous conspiracy. Finally, his government takes over the persecution of conspirators. Justice Douglas'Book, Beyond the High Himalayas. Britain and the problem of the European Army, Latin America. Rice production diminished. Dulles on foreign policy, and the reactions to his speech in Europe. Britain and the European Payments Union.
• President Eisenhower's state of the Union Message. Dulles and Stassen in Europe. British, french and Indian criticism of the American foreign policy. Dulles in Germany. His talks with the Social Democrats. Pertinax answers Dulles. Europe warned to get the European Army under way or to face cuts in American aid. Is it possible to revise entirely the decisions of Teheran, Yalta and Potsdam? Adenauer arrests the leaders of the "Freikorps Deutschland." British ­ Egyptian agreement on Sudan. European Foreign Ministers in Rome. De Gaulle on the European army. Trials in France of the Nazi war criminals, guilty in the mass murders of Oradour ­sur ­ Glane, P$$\acute e$$rigueux and Tulle. Archbishop of York hopes for a cordial welcome of Tito in Britain. The Committee for Economic Development on British Economy. Mr. fjord on free trade. New riots in Iran. Military agreement of Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey. Anthony Eden and Richard Austin Butler in Washington. Draft Treaty on the Statute of the future European Community approved in Strasbourg. Senate shelves the draft of declaration protesting Soviet violation of Yalta and Potsdam agreements. Bertrand Russell's views = 122
• The death of Stalin. His criminal Policy and the mysterious setup of his succession. Malenkov, Beria, Molotov, Kaganovitch. How Stalin treacherously exterminated all his fellow leaders of the party. Malenkow. The future of Russia. The spirit of the National Revolution from savinkow to Stalingrad. How to gain confidence of the peoples of Russia. The Malenkov ­ Beria ­ Molotov government plays pacific policy and makes some concessions in Korea, Berlin and the UN. It gives partial amnesty to the criminals and presents excuses for the fantastic accusation against the physicians. Ren$$\acute e$$ Mayer and M. Bidault at Washington. Adenauer at Washington. America refuses to sign UN Covenant on Human Rights and the Convention on the Political Rights of Women. France and the European Army. South African racial fights. Riots break out in Teheran while Mossadegh tries by an act to the Parliament to deprive Shah of his role as head of the armed forces. Impact of the misunderstanding between the democratic leaders of Russia and Russian officers concerning the Russian revolution. Kautsky and Lenin on Marx. = 152
• Prisident Eisenhower's Peace proposals. The NATO meeting in Paris. German Bundesrat postpones the ratification of the European army Treaty until the Federal Constitutional Court had decided on its constitutionality. Nazi infiltration into German parties. .J. P. Taylor and Churchill. Truce negotiations in Korea. = 158
• Speeches of Churchill and Attlee and American reaction. Korean truce parleys. The Bundesrat changed its position to help Adenauer. President Eisenhower expresses the wish for a personal meeting with Dhurchill and the French Prime Minister. Britain and France expected that this meeting may take a step toward a conference including Soviet Russia. The State Department said that this meeting carried no commitment for a meeting with Soviet Russia. On May 21, 1953, the Mayer government in France fell on a budgetary question. = 174
• Churchill's proposal of a neeting between heads of governmenfts of leading democraties and Soviets and of a new Locarno. East Asia in American policy. ASddress of Senator Taft. Coronation of Queen Elizabeth. Admission of D.P.'s to the United States. Mr. Dullers' trip to the Middle East and South Asia. Senator Wiley's views. Agreement on War prisoners signed in Korea. Central African Federation. Lodge declared the admission of Red "China to the UN to the "out of the question." = 179
• Senator Knowland on the Korean problem. Peforms in Sudan. German Sjocialists on reunification of Germany. Release of North Korean war prisoners. Reactions of Churchill and General van Fleet. German and Austian veterans of Waffen SS. Disorders in Czechoslovakia, Eastern Germany and Hungary. Fall of Lavrenti Beria. The trend toward ending of American foreign economic aid. The New Statesman and Walter Lippmann on American foreign policy. 50% of U.S.military aid funds for Western Europe were earmarked only for the future Eurojpean army. Speech of Representative James P. Richards. West German Supreme Court releases Dr. Werner Naumann, an ectremely dangerous nazi, from jail. Hitler's table talks. Dr. J. Robert oppenheimer on the atomic danger. Cabinet laniel in France. The elections in Italy and the government headed by Giuseppe Pella. = 186
• Bricker amendment and the Administration. News from Iran, Hungary, Czecholovakia. Tunisian prince assassinated. World Congress of the International Confederstion of Free Trade Unions in Stockholm. Senator Wiley's suggestions. France in Indo ­ China. Walter Lippmann for a new Locarno. Free American food in East Germany. Mossadegh planned a conference with Soviets on the Soviet debt and frontier rectification. Three democratic Foreign Ministers could not accept the idea of ameeting at the highest governmental level with the Soviet Union. Syngman Rhee polstponed his demands for Korean unification by force. The decisions of three democratic Fjoreign Ministers. Cjommunist meeting in Teheran. Truce signed in Korea. A Manifesto of the Communist Party of the USSR. Malenkov declares on August 8, 1953, that Soviet possess a hydrogen bomb. An explosion of such a bomb followed on August 12. Senator Wiley suggested a new effort for disarmament. Malenkov on the interests of consumers and of peasants. Military leaders and the Soviet government. The new economic policy of Malenkov. Special session of the UN General Assembly on future political conference for Korean peace. A two ­ saided conference versus a roundtable conference. Report of ILO on forced labor. Strikes in France. Western notes on Germany of July 16, 1953. The victory of Adenauer supported by the nationalist elements. The American press on the German elections. Dr. Alfred Gill and Dr. Walter Rinke promise the expulsion of Poles from the Oder ­ Neisse lands, making a German war of revenge practical unavoidable. = 196
• Adlai E. Stevenson's impressions of Europe. The London Times on the Far East. Laniel's concessions to the strikers. Mr. Dulles in Japna. Mr. Duncan Sandys on anti ­ aircraft guided rockets. British try to introuduce self ­ government in the Gold Coast and Nigeria. Hope for the end of Mau Mau movement in Kenya. Central African Federation. British Trades Union Congress. Adenauer's ultimatum to the German Trade Union Federation. Anniversary of the Briand ­ Kellogg Pact. British exports and the report of Lewis W. Djoujglas. Dr. Hammarskjold's views on the international and social aims of the United Nations. Mr. Adlai E. Stevenson's address in Chicago on foreign policy. He proposed a European system of "durable assurances of nonaggression for Russia, France, Germany and the rest of us." = 223
• Secretary Dulles speaks in the UN General Assembly. His views on the polities which would go far to end existing tensions. The economic problems of the Near East. Attlee's speech of September 19 criticizing American foreign policy but suggesting the closest cooperation between Britain and the U.S. Progress of West German economy. Europe, united in the spirit of Mazzsini or in the spirit of the German militarists? The great successes of the American economy. Death of Bishop Francis J. Mc Connell. James F. Byrnes on the Democratic party. Japanese economy. The revival of the foreign interests of Krupp ­ Pakistan and Indis. Mme. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit elected President of teh UN General Assembly. Communist China rejected a plan for a two ­ saided conference on Korea. Paul­Henri Spaak for a security pact to be offered Russia. The Republican Midwestern Conference. Guy Mollet on the European army. The relations of Northern and Southern Democrats. Vishinsky's speech of September 21, 1953. The difficult task of the Neutral Repatriation Commission in Kora. = 234
• French Radical Socialist confress. Denis Healey apeaks on American foreign policy in the Council of Europe. The Trieste problem. Danish elections. Labor party conference accepted a "go slow" policy in the matter on nationalization and voted principles of foreign policy. Madrid Pact insured the U.S. air bases and naval bases in Spain. Krishna Menon's speech of September 28, 1953. Adlai E. Stevenson visits Prisident Eisenhower. New invitation to Moscow for a meeting on Germany. Adenauer demands on mention of a guarantee to Russia. Henry Ford Ⅱ on UN technical assistance. President Eisenhower on the atomic arms race. Persecutions of Church in Red Poland. Walter Lippmann on the way to peace. Mr. Acheson favored negotiations with the Soviet Union. Troubles in British Guiana. President Eisenhower asked all members of the Administration to refrain comment on Soviet unclear capabilities unless they first checked their statements with the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission. Senator Knowland on the conditions of a pact of non­aggression with Russia. Walter Lippmann on the American Presidency. Mr. Dulles on the non­aggression pact. South African Prime Minister Daniel F. Malan succeeded in obtaining approval in the first reading of the bill striking mixed blood voters off the white regiter in Cape Province. Dr. Cyril F. Garbett, Archbishop of York, commented on television. TYhe Sjoviet bloc joined the colonial powers in the General Assemble's Trusteeship Committee. Dr. Ralph S. Banay on treatment of criminals as emotionally disturbed sick persons. The sonflict of Italy and Yugoslavia on Trieste. Drew Middleton on the Russian fear of Germany and on the difficult problem of guarantees unacceptable to West Germany. How to stop and destroy communism? American Jewish Committee on the dujties of American Jews.l Point Ⅳ program endangered. Political danger in the propaganda of Malenkov. The note of the West to the Soviets of October 18. Problems of Trieste and of Israel. Joseph Alsop on Syngman Rhee. Red cChina and North Korea accepted the proposal of a preconference in Panmunjom. Italy was not disaposed to participate in the conference on Trieste until she secured possession of Zone A. = 252
• Great Britain and Australia on the Morocco problem in the UN. The problem of the UN fund for underprivileged countries. Japanese partial rearmament. Indo­China in the French National Assembly. Northern Koreans refused to assist on the communist "explanation" meeting. Prisident Eisenhower on the atomic race. Indonesian foreign policy. Soviet decree on consumption industries. Churchill's plans. The way to humanize international law and modern state. French parliamentary debates on Indo­China and on the plan of the European army. Israel and Jordan. German Bundestag opposed French plans on Saar. American public opinion firmly opposed to the admission of the Red China into UN. The Soviet note of November3, 1953. Dulles states conditions for future admission of Red China into UN. France and America on German rearmament. President Eisenhower proposed an atomic pool for peaceful purposes. Beria executed. = 269
• Jules Isaac against anti­Semitism based on falsification and bigotry. = 284
• Marxism and Leninism. The Ways of the Revolutions. = 290
• Excerpts from the Speech of Stalin of February 9, 1946, containing Stalin's Cjonception of the Economic Development of Communist Russia. = 295
• Some Milestones along the Pateh of Sjoviet Russia's Foreign Policy. A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE = 300
• CHAPTER Ⅳ THE JAPANESE ENEMY AND EASTERN ASIA
• The Japanese Militarists. Japan's External Policy and the Progress of the Militarist Reactions. = 313
• The Economy of Japanese Aggression and the MIlitarist Dictatorship. The Mobilization of Japan's Economy during the War. The Characteristic Aspects of Japanese Economy. The Origins of Japanese Capitalism. The Sjpecific Character of Japanese Economy. = 326
• The Sequel of Victory. The Cruelties of Total War. The Reforms of General MacArthur. The Tragic Conflict in the Netherlands Indies. = 348
• Japan's Spiritual Life and the Traditions of the Shinto Religion. The Spiritual Life of Japan and Its Influence upon Japanese History. A Few States in the Spiritual and Sjocial Fjormation of Japan. Japan's Wartime Use of Buddhism as a Propaganda Weapon. Japan and the World Powers. Buddhism can Reeducate the Japanese People in the Direction of Western Liberalism and Pacifism. Professor Takakusu, Eminent Mahayana Buddhist. = 360
• Cooperative Economy in China and her Vital Needs during the War. The Decomposition of China's War Economy. Attempts for the Reconciliation of Chiang Kai­shek and the Chinese Communists. = 392
• The Effors of General Marshall, The Victory of the Communists, John D. Hayes on Life in Red China. = 404
• Trouble in Indonesia. = 414
• The Revolt and War in Indo­China. The situation in the Philippines. The most Important International Problem : the Political and Economic Emancipation of teh Asiatic Nations. British India Ceylon. Burma. = 430
• Civil war in Burma and Malaya. Thailand. Eastern Asia Now on the Road of Self Government. The Need for a Democratic Plan of the Social and Economic Reconstruction of Asia.
• Japanese Communists. North Koreans invade South Korea. = 448
• CHAPTER Ⅴ THE GREAT DEMOCRACIES BETWEEN TWO WORLD WARS
• The Remote Origin of Our Conception of Peace = 470
• The League of Nations. = 482
• Some Predecessors of the Briand­Kellogg Pact Outlawing the War. = 494
• France between Two World Wars. = 496
• Great Britain Between Two World Wars. = 524
• The Evolution of the United States between the Wjorld Wars. Ⅰ. = 545
• The Evolution of the United States between the World Wars. Ⅱ. A. The Depression and Roosevelt's Domestic Policy. = 555
• B. Roosevelt's Foreign Policy prior to the Second World War. = 563
• C. The Victory of the Democratic Idea of the State and Society = 566
• The Democratic Powers Confronted by the Ethiopian War and the Spanish Civil War. = 569
• The Secondary European Powers and the Instability of the Order Set up after the Fjirst World War. = 576
• Italy's Role. = 584
• THE MOST IMPORTANT AUSTRIAN DATES BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS. = 586
• CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL EVENTS BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS = 589
• CHAPTER Ⅵ THE AIMS OF THE PEACE
• Part Ⅰ
• The Natural Law as the Basis of International and Social Reform. The Reform of International Law. = 603
• The Point of View of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. The Attitude of the Ecumenical Conference of North America at Toronto. The Delaware Conference. Six Pillars of the Peace. 144 Ecclesiastical Leaders. The Union for the Protection of the Human Person. The British Attitude. The Malvern conference and Dr. William Temple. Reports and Resolutions of the Malvern Cjonference. The sjocial Philosophy of Dr. William Temple. = 626
• The Labor Party. The London Institute of International Affairs. = 639
• Dr. Shotwell's Commision of the Carnegie Endowment for Internationl Peace and Other American Groups. The Committees Working with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. = 645
• The Voice of the Vatican. = 668
• The Common Front of Believers and Freethinkers. （The Idea of Natural Law.） The Problem of the Refugees and Stateless. = 684
• The Duty of the United Nations towards Refugees and Displaced Persons of Europe. The State.ess. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. UN Convention Outlawing Genocide. The Draft Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees Adopted on July 28, 1951, in Geneva. Redrafting of a UN Covenant on Human Rights. A Plan for a thorough Economic and Technical Reorganization of Backwar Countries. A Plan for a World ­ Wide Attack on Mass ­ Illiteracy. A Blueprint for Creating an International Development Authority. Point Four Program and Technical Assistance. = 698
• The Postwar Social Setup. International Public Works. What can be done with Agricultrural Colonization. Post War National Problems. The Problems of International Investments in Underdeveloped Countries. UN Technical Assistance. The Havana Charter for the International Trade Organization, Signed in 1948, Remained Unratified in 1953. At the Crossroads in Search of ReForms and Security. = 756
• Authors Studying Different Aspects of the Problems of Permanent Peace. Outlines and Critiques of their opinions.（John MacCormac, Walter Lippmann, Herbert Hoover and Hugh Gibson, edward Hallett Carr, C. J. Hambro, Prof. Henry Bonnet, Sumner Welles, Prof. Hans kelsen, Prof. Mortimer J. Adler, George Woule, Prof. Carl L. Becker, Hiram Motherwell, Lionel Curtis, Clarence Striet, Count Rj. N. Coudenhove ­ Kalergi, Eli Culbertson, Michael Straight, Prof. George Scelle, Prof. Roberr M. MacIver, Edward J. Bing, J> B. Condliffe, Otto Tod Mallery, Dr. Hans Heymann, John Torpat, Sir William H. Beveridge, Harold J. Laski, William B. Ziff, "Committee to Frame a World Constitution," Prof. F. S. C. Northrop, Arnold J. Toynbee.） New Tendencies in Philosophical Thought and the Alliance of Humanists and Christians for the Realization of a New World of Peace and of Economic Democray. = 774
• Part Ⅱ
• The Atlantic Charter's Eight Points. The Dumbarton Oaks Plan. The Veto Right. The Forgotten Rights of the Minorities. Excerpts from a Memorandum of the Executive Committee of the "Commission to Study the Bases of a Just and Lasting Peace," set up by the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. Canadian Suggestions concerning the Dumbarton Oaks Plan. The Relationship between Major Internationl Reform and Internal Economic Reform. How to Make Communism Lose Its Virulence. = 822
• The Critics of the Dumbarton Oaks Plan. The Government of New Zealand. Herbert Hoover, Sumner Welles, Walter Lippmann. "The Cjommonweal." Further Critics of the Dumbarton Oaks Plan. Joe J. Mickle, Richard S. Childs, French Proposals, Paul Boncour. Four canadian Proposals, Brazilian Government. American Jewish committee. Sir William H. Beveridge, Miss Dorothy Thompson. More Critics of the Dumbarton Oaks Plan. Joe J. Mickle, Richard S. Child, My Own Views. National Study Conference on the Churches and a Just and Durable Peace. The Central Conference of American Rabbis. Senator Vandenberg's Speech. The Suggestions of Mr. Kent Cooper. = 835
• The Conference of San Francisco and the Charter of the United Nat6ions. The Cjonditions of Withdrawal from the United Nations. The Uruguayan Proposal for cjollective Interference in the Defense of Basic Human Rights and International Obligations, and James F . Byrnes. The Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. Mickiewicz Speaks. = 851
• Part Ⅲ
• International, Social and Economic Organization after the War. The New Economic Regime and the Common Front of Humanitarian Forces.l Russia. The Asiatic Nastions. The Relationship between the Reform of International Law and that of the World Economy and Internal Economic Reform. The Problem of National Minorities. The Reign of Law or the Reign of the Balance of Power. = 878
• The Jewish Problems. = 889
• The Arab Question. The Relationship between Jews and Arbs. Islam and the Arab Renaissance. The Spiritual Victor of the Second World War. Israel and the Arabs. = 912
• The Slav Question. = 951
• Latin America. = 962
• The Sufferings Humanity is now Enduring. The Natural law and the Reform we must Look to. = 975
• CHAPTER Ⅶ THE LESSONS OF WAR ECONOMY AND THE PLANED ECONOMY OF PEACE
• CONCLUSION
• The Results of the Long Preparation for a War fo Aggression on the Part of the Ascist States and the Preparations for a Defensive War on the Part of Russia. War Finance and the Economic and Social Rjole It Plys. The Fears of Mr. Homer Jones and Mr. Theodore O. Yntema, and the answers to thesr Fears. Shat is Wrong with an Exclusively Private System of Production and of the Restricted Production during the Pre ­ War Period. The Roosevelt Plan. The difficulties Encountered. = 983
• Great Britain's War Time Economy. The balance sheet of England's War Economy. The budget for the Year Ending April, 1944. The budget for the Years Ending April, 1945 and Ajpril, 1946. Total Budget of 5½ Years of War. Living Conditions in Great Britain. The Adaptation of the British Economy to Postwar Conditions. The Cjonditions for Durable Economic Collaboration Between Britain and the Unite States. Some Excerpts from the Speech of James Fj. Byrnes. Statistical Tables. = 989
• The United States and the New Deal. A Regime Free of Unemployment and Depression as the Aim of Post ­ War Reconstruction. Difficulties in the Mobilization of Large ­ Scale Private Industry. Strategic Needs and Industrial Mobilization. The Mobilization of Industry and Production in the United States. Taxes versus Loans. The Rjole of the Banks. The New Deal and the NIRA. Failures in Industrial Mobilization. Postwar Economic Policy and a Regime of Planned Economy. Mr. lewis Corey's Conceptions. Mr. Perrin Stryker's Views. = 1030
• The Curve of Taxes, Loans and Deferred Payments in a Wartime Economy. The Economic Transformations during the War. Prices and the Different Forms of Control over Economic Life in Wartime. The Merchant Marine and Foreign Trade. Managed Credit in Wartime. = 1045
• The Balance Sheet of the United States War Economy. = 1057
• Commercial Banks and the Public Debt. The Development of the United States War Economy. An Economic Regime Assuring Social and Economic Security. Postwar Reconstruction. The Years of Transition and Reconstruction. The Economists and the Problem of Unemployment. The Transition from a War Economy to the Economy of Peace. President Trumen's Economic Report to Confress of January 14, 1953. The Prevention of a Depression. = 1065
• The Monetary Plans of Lord Keynes and Dr. White. The Bretton Woods Agreements. The American Loan and the Financial Difficulties of Britain in 1947. > S. Amery on the "Customs Union of Western europe." Geneva Conference on Wjorld Trade. How to Organize the American Economy for the Lowering of American Tariffs. Havana Conference. A Plan to Place a Certain Number of Basic Commodities in the Position Occupied by Gold. The De­Germanization of Europe. = 1099
• The ideas of Stuart Chase. The Movement Toward the Achievement of the Three Essential Reforms. The Views of Thurman W. Arnold and Henry Wallace. Reform. The 1929 Depression has disintegrated the System of Great Powers : the War Effor Made Possible the Creation of a Better World, More Organized and More Humane. Three Legislative Programs. Sir William H. Beveridge, U>S. Senator James E. Murray, the Late President Rjoosevelt. Sir William H. Beveridge's Plan : Full Employment in a Free Society. The Murray ­ Putnam Bill and the Wagner ­ Murray ­ Dingell Bill. Presiden tTruman's Demand for Permission to Have Steel Plants built by the U.S. Government in case Private Ownership Was not Able to Expand Production Conforming to National Needs. = 1119
• The UN Experts on the Measures Required to Achieve full employment. A> Loveday. The Origins of Depressions. Theories of R. J. Hawtrey and of Other Economic schools. The Reform Which Can Save Us and Can Save the Eternal Values. Our Rjoad to Moral Democray. Sir John Boyd Orr, later Lord Boyd Orr, proposed twice the Creation of the Wjorld Food Board building up Famine Reserves. The Warning of George C. McGhee. Moral Forces should awaken Humanity. Dr. charles Malik on the Point Four Program. = 1144
• The British Experiment. Its Lessons. = 1160
• CONCLUSION
• The world of humanity is projected into uncharted space. To stop and to distintegrate the communist avalanche, the fire of moral reform must burn in our hears and bring the light of new life to the hundreds of millions of underprivileged men, women and children. Broad reform of interntional relations and world social reform are imperatively required. Numerous countries need an immediate rebuilding of their economies to overcome famine, cold and ignorance. For many nations a humanitarian socialism of the British type optentially offers the best solution of their problems. The unityed Nations should create a non ­ profit neighborly cooperation for the development of backward or ruined economies : and the Economic and Social Council of the UN should be transformed into an Economic Parliament of Humanity. The spirit of social ideas advanced at the Malvern Conference of the Churvh of England can guide both believers and freethinkers. The reestablishment of absolute social morals and their application to the Great Reform of International Relations, World Ecomomy and Internal Social and Economic Regime need brotherly collaboration of all men who preserve in their hearts the ideals of love and morals. A free Federative Russia could be a precious member of the family of democracies, organized under the banner of Natural Law. A new world war should be avoided because the existence of atomic weapons would transform it into a blind holocaust of humanity. A comparison of different schools of philosophy of history leads us to affirm our belief in the will of man. This will of man is set in mothion by recollection of his past, which provides him with a treasury of successive remembrances. The latter are like a sea into which he can plunge and reecover the pearls of his previous ecperiences. Among numerous systems of the interpretations of history we have explained, we find in those of Albert Schweitzer and Alfred L. Kroeber many points closelyapproaching our own philosophy, and in those of Bertland Russell and Arnold J. Toynbee a hope for a compromise between individualistic democracy and socialism. From new endeavors in collective psychology, we expect great advances in the understanding of the causal mechanism of the historical process. The experience of our Union for the Protection of the Human Person, after fifteen years of activity, gives us hope that if Churvhes and Freethinkers, leaders of economy and working masses, liberals and democratic socialists will cooperate to create a world of moral values and social achievements, mankind may yet escape catastrophe and lead new generations to happiness. = 1169
• Cycle or progress. The ancient world. Saint Agugustine, Joachim of Floris, Vico, Condorcet, comte, Marx, Pareto, Croce, Sjorel, Nietzsche, Burckhardt, Henry Adams, Brooks Adams, Toynbee, Spengler, schweitzer, Kroeber. = 1181
• Natural Law. = 1208
• World Outlook in 1954­1955（See sub­titles, pp. 1211, 1266, 1297, 13124, 1337.） INDEX. Corrections.