남중국해 영유권 분쟁을 둘러싼 미 ․ 중의 갈등: 공격적 현실주의 접근 = US-China Rivalry in the South China Sea Disputes: Offensive Realist Approach

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

South China Sea disputes consist of economic and strategic factors: the natural resources and the Sea lines of Communications. The control of the South China Sea means to secure both economic and strategic interests. Therefore, China, as a superior power in the region, insists to have her core interests in the region and practices her offensive military policy. Until the year 2000, the United States remained neutral in the South China Sea disputes because she did not recognize China as a direct threat to the United States at that time. However, Chinese military continued to take aggressive actions against the Spratly and Paracel islands. More importantly, China’s hostile actions against the U.S. military vessels in the Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) triggered the U.S. to officially intervene in the South China Sea dispute. Coping with Chinese offensive policy, the United States has announced ‘Rebalancing Policy’ which seeks both economic and military cooperations in order to contain China from its uprise in Asia. The US reinforces the military cooperations with her current allies and makes new military cooperative alignments with countries that do not share the values the United States pursue such as Vietnam and Indonesia in Asia. The purpose of this study is to analyze US-China rivalry in the South China Sea disputes in the perspective of offensive realism. According to Mearsheimer, the strategy that great powers pursue is to maximize their relative power and ultimately to become hegemonic nations in the international anarchic system. From this theory, we can infer China’s offensive behavior in the South China Sea as China intends to maximize her relative power in Southeast Asia and eventually strives to become a hegemon in whole Asia. However, it is very unlikely that China becomes a hegemon in Asia due to the role of the United States as an offshore balancer. Offensive realists believe that the existing hegemonic nation tends to prevent another great power to become preponderant in other region.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

남중국해는 인도양과 태평양을 이어주는 중요한 지리적 조건과 막대한 에너지 자원이 매장되어 있는 해역이다. 뿐만 아니라 중국에게는 자국 경제의 생명선인 원유 수송 노선이 지나가는 지역임과 동시에 동아시아 및 서태평양으로 세력을 확장할 수 있는 중요한 발판이 되는 지역이기도 하다. 따라서 남중국해의 장악은 중국이 지역 패권국으로 부상하기 위한 필수적 요인으로 받아들여지고 있다. 아울러 미국에게도 지속적인 남중국해 제해권 유지를 통해 중국의 동중국해와 서태평양으로의 진출을 억제하고, 기존 패권국으로서 지위를 유지하는 데 있어 핵심이익이 존재하는 지역이라고 할 수 있다. 남중국해는 동일한 지역을 놓고 자국의 영토로 주장하는 국가가 무려 6개국에 이르고 있다. 남중국해를 자국의 영향권 내에 편입시키고자 하는 중국의 공세적 의지가 점차 현실화되면서 이를 견제하려는 미국의 움직임이 보이고 있다. 다시 말해, 아시아 지역에서 패권적 지위를 확보하려는 중국을 억제하기 위해 미국이 적극적으로 나서고 있는 것이다.

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