麗末鮮初 官學의 實態와 科業敎育 = Government Schools and Their Education Preparing for the Civil Service EXamination in the Late Koryo and Early Chosun
저자
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1975
작성언어
Korean
KDC
420.000
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
105-126(22쪽)
제공처
소장기관
This study is an attempt to examine actual conditions of educational activities of three government schools in the late Koryo and early Chosun-the Hyangkyo(鄕校), the Sahak(四學), and the Sungkyunkwan(成均館), the primary purpose of which was to educate prospective candidates for government office-and to evaluate achievements of their education in preparing the candidates for the civil service examination.
Main inferences derived are as follow:
The Hyangkyo was local schools which were established by the government in cooperation of part of officeholders(官人) and local aristocrats(在地士族) to educate sons of local aristocracy for the civil service examination. All kinds of difficulties the government was facing, however, did not enable it to offer the school a sufficient financial support, and its financial incompetence became one of important causes for having induced teachers to evade taking up their post. Their evasion of teachership, combined with the shortage of civil officials qualified for it, not only resulted in the deterioration of their quality, but also incited ambitious students to the evasion of attending school. In the result, the Hyangkyo turned into an asylum for aristocratic sons to evade public burdens.
As compared with the local Hyangkyo, the Sahak. a Hyangkyo in the capital city, is expected to have obtained by far better educational effects owing to its favorable location, and legal and extralegal privileges. Records on the school, however, seem to prove that it yielded no better results than the Hyangkyo; there can he found little basic difference between inactivities of the two.
But this was not the case of the Sungkyunkwan. Ranking above the hyangkyo and the Sahak, it was the highest academic institution designed for genius education of the selected few who, after passing the preliminary exam, were preparing for the higher civil service examination. To back up the realization of its end, while ensuring various legal privileges to the school and its students, the government granted it extralegal special favors including concentrated financial support. Consequently, most of Confucian students(儒生) who wished to be government official made efforts to seize an opportunity to study at the school.
Actual conditions of three government schools, as stated above, offer a logical ground on the basis of which to infer results each of the three achieved in the education preparing for the civil service examination, and the inferred results seem to be confirmed with an analysis of school careers of officeholders of the days. According to related records, while only a few of them had attended the Hyangkyo or the Sahak, most had been trained at private schools. Also, the overwhelming majority of those who passed the higher civil service examination in the late Koryo and early Chosun years-whose names are listed on Records of Candiates Successful in the Higher Civil Service Examination(登科錄) of Koryo and National Lists of Candidates Successful in the Higher Civil Service Examination(國朝文科榜目)-is judged to have made their final studies at the Sungkyunkwan. In light of above observations, the Sungkyunwan was, it can be said, the single government institution for education that fulfilled duties originally assigned to government schools by the government.
In the period, when the officeholder-ruling society was in process on solid settlement, the government attempted to hold command of the education preparing applicants for office for the civil service examination by establishing a government-controlling education system which consisted of two lower schools(the Hyangkyo and the Sahak) and one higher school(the Sungkyunkwan). That is to say, the government conception of an education system for the civil service examination was to take the pattern of "the Hyangkyo or Sahak→the lower civil service examination→the Sungkyunkwa`n→the higher civil service examination." Because of the two lower government schools' unsubstantiality and consequent unpopularity, however, the conceptional system could not but be transformed into a realistic system of combination, including at once private and government schools, which took the pattern of "private schools→the lower civil service examination→the Sungkyunkwan→the higher civil service examination." In other words, the completion of the civil service examination education system was realized in terms of mutual complement between private and government schools. Thus it can be argued that the two forces of the government, on the one hand, and officeholders and local aristocrats, on the other, were in a dual relation of feud anf harmony, contending for the control of the education preparing official-applicants for the civil service examination.
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