因明의 似能立에 관한 硏究 : 因明入正理論을 중심으로 in the Nya￣ya-praves´aka(因明入正理論) = A Study on the Logical Fallacies in Buddhist Logic

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Digna￣ga has been known to scholars of Indian philosophy as the father of medieval logic in India.
Digna￣ga himself composed three logical treatise of the Prama￣n．a-samuccaya-vr．tti(集量論), Nya￣mukha(因明正理門論) and Hetucakradamaru.
He established the theory of the three-membered syllogism(三支作法), the three characteristics of the middle term(因의 三相) and the theory of Nine Reasons(九句因).
According to the Nya￣ya-mukha, reasoning is carried on by means of a minor term, a major term, a middle term and two examples.
The minor term is also called the subject(pak．sa or dharmin, 宗 혹은 有法). The major term is otherwise called predicate(sadhya or dharma, 所證 혹은 法). The middle term is also called reason or mark(hetu, lin˙ga or sadhana, 因 혹은 能證). The example(dr．s．ta￣nta, 喩) is of two kinds, viz, homogeneous(sa￣dharmya, 同喩) and heterogeneous(vaidharmya, 異喩).
The three characteristics of the middle term, which refers to the local area of reason or middle term in relation to its minor and major terms, is stated as follow;-
1) The reason or middle term must cover the subject or minor term.
2) The reason or middle term must be present in the homologue of the predicate or major term.
3) The reason or middle term must be absent from the heterologue of the predicate or major term.
Hetucakradamaru by Digna￣ga has analysed all nine possible relations between the middle and the major terms and has found that there are among them two relations which conform to the three characteristics of the middle term already laid down, and the remaining seven relations are at variance with those characteristics. Accordingly he has concluded that only two relations are valid as will be evident from the annexed diagram.
S´an˙karasva￣min was a pupil of Digna￣ga. He was the author of a work called Nya￣ya-praves´aka(因明人正理論) which was translated into Chinese by Hwen-thsang in 647. A.D. The Nya￣ya-mukha by Digna￣ga and the Nya￣ya-praves´aka by S´an˙karasva￣min are short tracts containing summaries of the formar part of the logic Digna￣ga with unimportant changes and additions by his pupil S´an˙karasva￣min.
In this treatise, I studied logical fallacies(似能立) in the Nya￣ya-praves´aka.
In the Nya￣ya-praves´aka, he explained the fallacies of the monor term or the major term(似宗), the middle term(似因) and the example(似喩) respectively.
In order to understand Buddhist logic, it may be important to understand logical fallacies.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 序言
• Ⅱ. 因明의 意義
• Ⅲ. 眞能立
• 1. 宗
• 2. 因
• 3. 喩
• Ⅳ. 似能立
• 1. 似宗過
• 2. 似因過
• 1) 四不成過
• 2) 六不定過
• 3) 四相違過
• 3. 似喩過
• 1) 似同法喩
• 2) 似異法喩
• Ⅴ. 結語