现代汉语谓语动词“开”小考 = A study of the predicate verb “开” in modern Chinese

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

According to the definition of Kai in Modern Chinese-Sixth Edition (2015:717), there are eleven words with word functions. Because the complement of 开 has almost no verb-derived nouns, no prefix function, but suffix function, and no functions of different grammatical categories, 开 is not regarded as a light verb. It is a real verb, analyzing its syntactic features one by one, and the results are as follows:
1) ergative verb
The "开" of ergative sentences has the semantic characteristics of [+cause], [+change of events] when they constitute binary structure sentences, and [+change of events] when they constitute unitary structure sentences, they have the semantic characteristics of [+change of events], [unbounded change of changes].
2) one argument unaccusative
(1) The unaccusative sentence has no specific cause, which can be divided into experiential sentence and existential sentence: at this time, "开" has the semantic characteristics of [- cause], [+change of the event], and the change of the event has no natural termination point, that is, [unbounded change]. However, those who experience sentences are those who do things, while the existential sentence is the place where the experience is.
（2) When the term K (liquid boils when heated), only the experiential senten-ce, "CAUSE + 开" has the verb "burn" to replace it.
3) two argument unaccusative
(1) When it has the semantics of [+appearing] or [+disappearing], it can form existential sentences. At this time,'开'has the semantics characteristics of [+cause], [change of events], and this change has no natural termination point, t
(2) The opening of binary unaccusative sentences of [+bounded] has the sem-antic characteristics of [+cause], [change of events], and this change has a natural termination point, that is, [bounded change], which can not constitute an experiential sentence at this time.
(3) The "open" of [+conditional unbounded] constitutes a binary structure, which has the semantic characteristics of [+cause]; when the time quantifier is added, it can form a unitary structure, which has the semantic characteristics of [+change unbounded], but this change can only last for the period indicated by the time-quantity complement.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

据《现代汉语-第六版》（2015:717）对“开”的释义，具有词语功能的有十一项，由于“开”的补足语几乎没有动源性名词，没有前缀功能，却有后缀功能，也没有执行不同语法范畴的功能，因此，不把“开”看作是轻动词而看作是实实在在的动词，逐项分析了其句法特征，结果整理如下：
1）作格句
作格句的“开”，当构成二元结构句时，具有【+致事】语义特征；当构成一元结构句时，具有【+历事的变化】语义特征，而且这个变化是没有自然终止点的，即【+变化的无界】。
2）一元非宾格
（1）没有具体致事：
没有具体致事的一元非宾格句可以分为经历句和存现句，这时的“开”具有【-致事】，【+历事的变化】等语义特征，而且这个变化是没有自然终止点的，即变化的【+无界】，不过经历句的历事为当事者，而存现句的历事为处所。
（2）另有“Cuase+开”的动词：
当具有k义项（液体受热而沸腾）时，只有经历句， 其因为“CAUSE+开”有专门表示这个行为的动词“烧”来代替。 这时的“开”具有【-致事 】，【+历事的变化】语义特征，而且这个变化在没有外力的影响下是没有自然终止点的，即，所谓【+变化的无界】。
总之，“开”充当一元非宾格句的谓语时，没有致事，因此不能构成二元非宾格句。
3）二元非宾格句
（1）【+出现】或【+消失】
当“开”具有【+出现】或【+消失】语义时，具有【+致事】，【+历事的变化】语义特征，而且这种变化没有自然终止点，即【+变化无界】。这时，可以构成二元非宾格句和存现句，前者具有“CAUSE+BECOM”事件意义；后者具有“BECOM”事件意义。
（2）【+有界】
当“开”表示有自然终止点时，只能构成二元非宾格句子，这时具有【+致事】，【+历事的变化】的语义特征，但这个变化是有自然终止点，即，【+变化的有界】等。
（3）【+条件性无界】
当“开”表示条件性无界时，有时量补足语的前提下可以构成一元非宾格句。条件性无界的“开”，构成二元结构时具有【+致事】语义特征；加上时间量词以后，可以构成一元结构，这时具有【+历事的变化】等语义特征，但这个变化只能持续时量补足语明示的时间。
总之，【-致事】时可以构成一元结构非宾格句；【+致事】时可以构成二元结构非宾格句。一元结构非宾格句，都表示【+历事的变化】，而且这个变化是【+无界】的；二元非宾格句的“开”表示无界时，可以构成存现句；有界时，不能转换为一元结构句；当条件性无界时，可以转换为一元结构。

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