嶺南地方 原三國時代 鐵斧와 鐵矛의 分布定型 硏究 = A Study on the Distribution pattern of Iron axe and Iron spearhead from Young-Nam Region in Proto Three-kingdom Age

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Based on the records of 『三國志』魏書東夷傳 弁辰條, Jin․Byeon-Han located in Young-Nam region were the important iron producing centre of east-asia as well as of korean peninsular in proto three-kingdom age. But there seems to be a obvious difference between polities which can produce iron or cannot, depending on existence or nonexistence of iron ore and the other conditions related with iron-producing. It could be suggested that these situation about iron-producing have been reflected in archaeological data. Therefore, this study intends to assume the distribution network of iron-ware through typological analysis and distribution pattern of iron-ware unearthed from Young-Nam region in proto three-kingdom age. The objects of this study include cast iron axe which had been buried in wooden coffin tomb and which needs similar conditions with smelting works, flat iron axe assumed to be material of iron-ware, and iron spearhead which have obvious variations so that show interaction of producing techniques.
First, it took the classification of each ware and observed process of transition. And then transition of distribution pattern is divided into several phases. cast iron axe could be divided into four phases approximately. The features of each phase are as follows. PhaseⅠ: inflow of rectangle-formⅠtype cast iron axe, phaseⅡ: burial of various type of cast iron axe, phaseⅢ: constant burial of cast iron axe in the sphere of Young-Nam, phaseⅣ; trapezoid-shaped Ⅲtype and hexagon-shaped iron axe had been buried successively along the Nak-dong river so that distribution aspect of each type was halved. Flat iron axe is also divided into four phases. PhaseⅠ; flat iron axe which functioned as tool buried in singular number. PhaseⅡ; trapezoid-shaped Ⅲtype as material of iron-ware had appeared and had been buried in plural number. PhaseⅢ․Ⅳ; rounded-blade type and 八-shaped type were buried in large wooden chamber coffin tombs of Po-hang, Gyoung-ju, Ul-san, Gim-hae exclusively. Through the examination of distribution aspects of flat iron axe, it could be assumed that the material of iron-ware exchanged between polities is redistributed from centre to each district. Iron spearhead is divided into five phases approximately. PhaseⅠ; ⅠAa type Iron spearhead is buried. PhaseⅡ; ⅠAb type which is accompanied by artifacts originated from Han(漢) as usual and remained shortly that assumed inflow goods from Nak-rang, is buried. PhaseⅢ; ⅠC type, a particular type of Young-nam region is buried through all the area. PhaseⅣ; ⅠAc type is buried mainly, while ⅠB type which has swallow tail-shaped socket appeared. PhaseⅤ; ⅠB type took the majority but impractical Ⅱ․ⅠD type also appeared and unearthed only from east-side of Nak-dong river including Gyoung-ju.
Next, this study intends to assume the transition of distribution network of iron-ware through examining the distribution pattern of iron axe and iron spearhead. Iron-producing of Young-nam region was regularized in the middle of B.C. 1st century, at which trapezoid-shaped Ⅱtype cast iron was spread, trapezoid-shaped Ⅲtype flat iron axe was buried in the plural number, and which the exclusive plow of Young-nam region was begun to be buried. The operation epoch of "Da(다)" district in Hwangsung-dong steeling site, Gyoung-ju and the deforestation which was revealed in the narration of Yeomsachi are also supporting the possibility of the refinery in the question epoch.
Iron-producing needs iron ore, technology of mining and refining, charcoal, and the securing labour. The epoch of technology, related with iron, inflow to Gyoung-ju seems to be comparatively not late, based on existence of high-leveled iron ore centre, distribution of charcoal kiln, construction of many wooden coffin tombs which imply labour, and the excavated aspect of Joyang-dong No.5 tomb. It could be assumed that iron-producing was regularized at the middle of B.C. 1st century in Gyoung-ju therefore. Gim-hae region which has been thought as an important iron-producing centre in proto three-kingdom period seems to get down to iron-producing at the end of wooden coffin tomb phase, based on distribution pattern of cast iron axe, flat iron axe and the other iron-wares.
The distribution network of iron-ware could be divided into two phases approximately, based on transition of phasic distribution pattern of cast iron axe, flat iron axe and iron spearhead. Topographical conditions seems to be the most influential element in the formation of distribution network at that time. In the Ⅰphase at which iron-producing had got down in Gyoung-ju region located in the south-east side of Young-nam region exclusively, the buried quantities of iron-wares in Young-cheon, Gyoung-san, Dae-gu which are gateways to Gyoung-ju are superior to that of those region, Ham-an, Gim-hae, Mil-yang that had to be supplied through those regions and Nak-dong river. And the situation which is showing burial of Han(漢)-originated artifacts and Wae(倭)-orginated bronze-ware in these region implies that active distribution network had been formed between these region. Trapezoid Ⅱtype cast iron axe and trapezoid Ⅲtype flat iron axe excavated from Ul-san, Bu-san show an another distribution network of iron-ware through the Bulguksa fault line.
In Gim-hae region where the quantity of buried iron-ware is so poor at theⅠphase, iron-producing begun to get down from the end of wooden coffin tomb phase. And tremendous quantity of flat iron axe started to be buried constantly from the phase of wooden chamber tomb. The established distribution network of iron-ware which had been formed centering around Gyoung-ju was taken into the great transition, when Gim-hae got down to iron-producing. Trapezoid Ⅱtype cast iron axe distributed centering around Gyoung-ju in Ⅰphase was reduced their distribution sphere within Gyoung-san, Gyoung-ju, Po-hang, Ul-san. Trapezoid Ⅲtype and hexagon type cast iron distributed along Nak-dong river centering around Gim-hae region. It still needs more archaeological evidence in Nak-dong river basin however, a new distribution network of iron-ware centering around Gim-hae seems to had risen in terms of the cost of transportation(phase Ⅱ).
It could be assumed that far mightier control for the iron material was enforced in practice based on the aspect of burial of rounded-blade type and 八-shaped type flat iron axe in extra-large wooden chamber tombs in Gyoung-ju, Po-hang, Ul-san, Gim-hae regions. Hexagon type cast iron axe and rounded-blade type flat iron axe unearthed from west-side of Nak-dong river centering around Gim-hae become main objects of trade in that these artifacts are also revealed in Kyu-shu region, Japan.
At the middle of the 3rd century, there seems no differences in distribution pattern of cast iron axe and flat iron axe with phaseⅡ. But iron spearhead of Ⅱtype and ⅠDtype being emphasized impractical disposition and appeared in this phase are only unearthed from east-side of Nak-dong river in a radial shape centering around Gyoung-ju. In Dae-gu, Yang-san, Bu-san where take the position as gateway to Gyoung-ju, it is frequent case that were buried with Haman-made pottery. These iron spearhead are unearthed from longish and narrow wooden chamber tomb, so called "Gyoung-ju type wooden chamber tomb". Some of these tombs were constructed in new tomb sphere, not established one. According to modification argument of early articles of 『三國史記』, it is noticeable that the distribution of these impractical iron spearhead coincide with records of Saro's subjection from the middle of the 3rd century to the first half of the 4th century. This aspect seems to imply that the nature of economic trade which is suggested from the distribution pattern of impractical iron spearhead shows political growth of Saro(斯盧), not peer relation of prior phase. But it is quite differ from distribution sphere of Gyoung-ju style pottery formed at the end of the 3rd century, so she didn't realize the political subjugation as phase of huge-mounded tombs formation in the 5th century

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제Ⅰ장. 머리말 = 1
• 제1절. 연구 목적 및 연구사 검토 = 2
• 제2절. 연구 방법과 연구 대상 = 8
• 제Ⅱ장. 영남지방 원삼국시대 철부와 철모의 형식분류와 변천 = 14
• 제1절. 주조철부와 판상철부의 형식분류와 변천 = 14
• 1. 주조철부 = 14
• 2. 판상철부 = 23
• 제2절. 철모의 형식분류와 변천 = 38
• 제Ⅲ장. 영남지방 원삼국시대 철부와 철모의 분포정형 = 49
• 제1절. 주조철부와 판상철부의 단계별 분포정형 = 49
• 1. 주조철부 = 49
• 2. 판상철부 = 64
• 제2절. 철모의 단계별 분포정형 = 75
• 제Ⅳ장. 영남지방 원삼국시대 철부와 철모의 분포정형으로 본 철기 유통망의 변화 = 89
• 제1절. 영남지방의 철생산 開始期와 철생산지 = 89
• 1. 영남지방의 철생산 개시기 = 89
• 2. 영남지방의 철생산지 검토 = 95
• 제2절. 영남지방 원삼국시대 철부와 철모의 분포정형 변화로 본 철기 유통망의 변화 = 104
• 1. 경주지역 중심 철기 유통망의 형성 = 105
• 2. 새로운 철기유통망의 형성 = 109
• 3. 철기 유통망의 성격 변화 = 113
• 제Ⅴ장. 맺음말 = 121
• 참고문헌 = 125
• Abstract = 134