中国对巴西公共外交的历史演进、现实挑战与优化路径 = The Historical Evolution, Current Challenges, and Optimization Path of China's Public Diplomacy with Brazil

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

作为东西半球最具代表性的发展中大国和重要新兴经济体，以及“全球南方”代表性国家和金砖合作机制的关键成员，中国与巴西关系的深化对全球格局具有重要影响。本文基于历史演进与当代实践的梳理，发现中国对巴西的公共外交经历了历史奠基期（1949-2000）、机制化拓展期（2001-2012）和全面深化与创新期（2013年至今）三个阶段的演进，形成了以孔子学院、葡语媒体、文化学术交流、华人华侨群体及当地中资企业为支柱的多元实践体系。历史奠基期通过民间交往与制度建设储备了社会基础与制度雏形，机制化拓展期初步形成了文化教育、媒体传播、企业社会责任等多元路径，全面深化与创新期则构建起政府主导、媒体联动、企业参与、社会共建、科技赋能的立体化多元格局。研究表明，相关举措在一定程度上提升了中国在巴西的国家形象与软实力，但仍面临语言文化障碍、多元路径协同不足、“经热文冷”结构性失衡以及国际舆论与巴西国内政治双重不确定性等挑战。为进一步提升对巴西公共外交效能，未来应加强本土化表达以触及行为客体思想深处，推动多元路径协同整合，促进文化软实力与经贸硬实力双向赋能及提升对巴西政治与社会环境变化的敏感性，构建更具韧性的对巴公共外交新格局。

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

As the most representative developing major country and important emerging economy in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, as well as a representative country of the "Global South" and a key member of the BRICS cooperation mechanism, the deepening of relations between China and Brazil has a significant impact on the global landscape. Based on a review of historical evolution and contemporary practice, this article finds that China's public diplomacy with Brazil has evolved through three stages: the historical foundation-laying period (1949-2000), the institutional expansion period (2001-2012), and the comprehensive deepening and innovation period (2013-present). This has formed a diversified practical system supported by Confucius Institutes, Portuguese-language media, cultural and academic exchanges, overseas Chinese communities, and Chinese-funded enterprises in Brazil. The historical foundation-laying period laid the social foundation and institutional prototypes through people-to-people exchanges and institutional construction. The institutional expansion period initially formed multiple pathways such as cultural education, media dissemination, and corporate social responsibility. The comprehensive deepening and innovation period has constructed a three-dimensional and diversified pattern of government leadership, media collaboration, corporate participation, social co-construction, and technological empowerment. Studies show that these measures have enhanced China's national image and soft power in Brazil to some extent, but they still face challenges such as language and cultural barriers, insufficient coordination among multiple approaches, a structural imbalance of "hot economy, cold culture," and uncertainties arising from both international public opinion and Brazilian domestic politics. To further enhance the effectiveness of public diplomacy with Brazil, future efforts should focus on strengthening localized expression to reach the deeper thoughts of the target audience, promoting the coordinated integration of multiple approaches, fostering the mutual empowerment of cultural soft power and economic hard power, and improving sensitivity to changes in Brazil's political and social environment, thereby building a more resilient new pattern of public diplomacy with Brazil.