Current scenario and recent advancement of doped carbon dots: a short review scientocracy update (2013–2022)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The serendipitous uncovering of carbon dot (CQDs) as budding candidate of carbonaceous nanomaterial has become now one of the hot topics in the research of material science and technology. The unique features of CQDs such as photo-physical properties, excellent biocompatibility, ease of synthesis, good aqueous dispersity, high chemical stability, and accessible functional groups for further modification make them one of the promising competitors in biological, photonic and energy-related applications. Although some review articles on CQDs have been published, they typically cover all areas of CQDs applications, and no particular evaluation on the advancement of doped CQDs (D-CQDs) has been reported so far. In this review, we demonstrated characteristic features of D-CQDs focusing on doping strategies, discussion on recently adopted various synthesis processes, its applications and its qualitative comparison with each other. The recently developed concept on understanding the structure and optical properties of D-CQDs are also briefly described followed by their application on various fields primarily concentrated on bio-imaging and sensing applications. We also speculate its use in a variety of intriguing fields and its perspectives in near future.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 Das P, "Zinc and nitrogen ornamented bluish white luminescent carbon dots for engrossing bacteriostatic activity and Fenton based bio-sensor" 88 : 115-129, 2018
• 2 Jiang B-P, "White-emitting carbon dots with long alkyl-chain structure : effective inhibition of aggregation caused quenching effect for label-free imaging of latent fingerprint" 128 : 12-20, 2018
• 3 Hu Y, "Waste frying oil as a precursor for one-step synthesis of sulfur-doped carbon dots with pH-sensitive photoluminescence" 77 : 775-782, 2014
• 4 Das P, "Waste chimney oil to nanolights : a low cost chemosensor for tracer metal detection in practical field and its polymer composite for multidimensional activity" 180 : 56-67, 2018
• 5 Wu Y, "Ultrasoundassisted synthesis of nanocrystalline ZnS in the ionic liquid [BMIM]·BF4" 60 (60): 2764-2766, 2006
• 6 Devi P, "Ultrasensitive and selective sensing of selenium using nitrogen-rich ligand interfaced carbon quantum dots" 9 (9): 13448-13456, 2017
• 7 Demir B, "Tracking hyaluronan : molecularly imprinted polymer coated carbon dots for cancer cell targeting and imaging" 10 (10): 3305-3313, 2018
• 8 Zhao Z, "Three dimensional carbon-nanotube polymers" 5 (5): 7226-7234, 2011
• 9 Yang J, "The selective detection of galactose based on boronic acid functionalized fluorescent carbon dots" 8 (8): 8345-8351, 2016
• 10 Qian ZM, "Targeted drug delivery via the transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway" 54 (54): 561-587, 2002
• 11 Das P, "Tailor made magnetic nanolights : fabrication to cancer theranostics applications" 3 : 6762-6796, 2021
• 12 Wang K, "Systematic safety evaluation on photoluminescent carbon dots" 8 (8): 1-9, 2013
• 13 Shen P, "Synthesis-modification integration : onestep fabrication of boronic acid functionalized carbon dots for fluorescent blood sugar sensing" 86 (86): 5323-5329, 2014
• 14 Chandra S, "Synthesis, functionalization and bioimaging applications of highly fluorescent carbon nanoparticles" 3 (3): 1533-1540, 2011
• 15 Zhou M, "Synthesis of highly photoluminescent carbon dots via citric acid and Tris for iron(III)ions sensors and bioimaging" 143 : 107-113, 2015
• 16 Sun H, "Synthesis of fluorinated and nonfluorinated graphene quantum dots through a new top-down strategy for long-time cellular imaging" 21 (21): 3791-3797, 2015
• 17 Wang M, "Superior oxygen reduction reaction on phosphorus-doped carbon dot/graphene aerogel for all-solid-state flexible Al-air batteries" 10 (10): 1902736-, 2020
• 18 Wang S, "Structural evolution of graphene quantum dots during thermal decomposition of citric acid and the corresponding photoluminescence" 82 : 304-313, 2015
• 19 Zhu S, "Strongly green-photoluminescent graphene quantum dots for bioimaging applications" 47 (47): 6858-6860, 2011
• 20 Xu X, "Steering photoelectrons excited in carbon dots into Platinum cluster catalyst for solar-driven hydrogen production" 4 (4): 1700273-, 2017
• 21 Kianimehr A, "Sonochemical synthesis, crystal structure and thermal behavior of a new thallium(I)supramolecular polymer with hydrogen and bromine-oxygen halogen bonds" 115 : 107864-, 2020
• 22 Muthusankar G, "Sonochemical driven simple preparation of nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots/SnO2 nanocomposite : a novel electrocatalyst for sensitive voltammetric determination of riboflavin" 281 : 602-612, 2019
• 23 Zhang H, "Solid-phase synthesis of highly fluorescent nitrogendoped carbon dots for sensitive and selective probing ferric ions in living cells" 86 (86): 9846-9852, 2014
• 24 Bhattacharya A, "Size-dependent penetration of carbon dots inside the ferritin nanocages : evidence for the quantum confinement effect in carbon dots" 17 (17): 12833-12840, 2015
• 25 Wang B-B, "Single-step synthesis of highly photoluminescent carbon dots for rapid detection of Hg2+with excellent sensitivity" 551 : 101-110, 2019
• 26 Shi R, "Simultaneous enzymatic activity modulation and rapid determination of enzyme kinetics by highly crystalline graphite dots" 9 (9): 8410-8417, 2017
• 27 Sahu S, "Simple onestep synthesis of highly luminescent carbon dots from orange juice : application as excellent bio-imaging agents" 48 (48): 8835-8837, 2012
• 28 Qian Z, "Si-doped carbon quantum dots : a facile and general preparation strategy, bioimaging application, and multifunctional sensor" 6 (6): 6797-6805, 2014
• 29 Pudza MY, "Selective and simultaneous detection of cadmium, lead and copper by tapioca-derived carbon dot–modified electrode" 27 (27): 13315-13324, 2020
• 30 Wu M, "Scalable synthesis of organic-soluble carbon quantum dots : superior optical properties in solvents, solids, and LEDs" 9 (9): 13195-13202, 2017
• 31 Ge J, "Red-emissive carbon dots for fluorescent, photoacoustic, and thermal theranostics in living mice" 27 (27): 4169-4177, 2015
• 32 Jiang K, "Red, green, and blue luminescence by carbon dots : full-color emission tuning and multicolor cellular imaging" 127 (127): 5450-5453, 2015
• 33 Jiang K, "Red, green, and blue luminescence by carbon dots : full-color emission tuning and multicolor cellular imaging" 54 (54): 5360-5363, 2015
• 34 Sun Y, "Red emitting and highly stable carbon dots with dual response to pH values and ferric ions" 185 (185): 1-8, 2018
• 35 Miao X, "Red emissive sulfur, nitrogen codoped carbon dots and their application in ion detection and theraonostics" 9 (9): 18549-18556, 2017
• 36 Han M, "Recent progress on the photocatalysis of carbon dots : Classification, mechanism and applications" 19 : 201-218, 2018
• 37 Chu K-W, "Recent progress of carbon dot precursors and photocatalysis applications" 11 (11): 689-, 2019
• 38 Danial Wan Hazman ; Mohamed Nurul Ain Syazalin ; Majid Zaiton Abdul, "Recent advances on the preparation and application of graphene quantum dots for mercury detection: a systematic review" 한국탄소학회 32 (32): 57-80, 2022
• 39 Anwar S, "Recent advances in synthesis, optical properties, and biomedical applications of carbon dots" 2 (2): 2317-2338, 2019
• 40 Feng T, "Recent advances in energy conversion applications of carbon dots : from optoelectronic devices to electrocatalysis" 16 (16): 2001295-, 2020
• 41 Jlassi K, "Rational synthesis, characterization, and application of environmentally friendly(polymer–carbon dot)hybrid composite film for fast and efficient UV-assisted Cd2+removal from water" 32 (32): 1-13, 2020
• 42 Wang Y, "Rapid microwave-assisted synthesis of highly luminescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots for white light-emitting diodes" 73 : 319-329, 2017
• 43 Sun Y-P, "Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence" 128 (128): 7756-7757, 2006
• 44 Sun Y-P, "Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence" 128 (128): 7756-7757, 2006
• 45 Zhang Q, "Production of yellow-emitting carbon quantum dots from fullerene carbon soot" 60 (60): 141-150, 2017
• 46 Kumar R, "Preparation, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity of fenofibrate and Nabumetone loaded solid lipid nanoparticles" 106 : 110184-, 2020
• 47 Jiang Y, "Preparation of silicon–carbonbased dots@ dopamine and its application in intracellular Ag+detection and cell imaging" 8 (8): 3644-3650, 2016
• 48 Xu Q, "Preparation of highly photoluminescent sulfur-doped carbon dots for Fe(III)detection" 3 (3): 542-546, 2015
• 49 Li X, "Preparation of carbon quantum dots with tunable photoluminescence by rapid laser passivation in ordinary organic solvents" 47 (47): 932-934, 2011
• 50 Zhuo S, "Preparation of Palladium/carbon dot composites as efficient peroxidase mimics for H2O2and glucose assay" 412 (412): 963-972, 2020
• 51 Cravotto G, "Power ultrasound in organic synthesis : moving cavitational chemistry from academia to innovative and large-scale applications" 35 (35): 180-196, 2006
• 52 Qin J, "Powder carbonization to synthesize novel carbon dots derived from uric acid for the detection of Ag(I)and glutathione" 207 : 54-60, 2019
• 53 Qian F, "Potassium doping : tuning the optical properties of graphene quantum dots" 6 (6): 075116-, 2016
• 54 Xiao D, "Porous carbon quantum dots : one step green synthesis via l-cysteine and applications in metal ion detection" 5 (5): 2039-2046, 2015
• 55 Dong Y, "Polyamine-functionalized carbon quantum dots as fluorescent probes for selective and sensitive detection of copper ions" 84 (84): 6220-6224, 2012
• 56 Park SY, "Photoluminescent green carbon nanodots from food-waste-derived sources : large-scale synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications" 6 (6): 3365-3370, 2014
• 57 Omer KM, "Photoluminescence enhancement via microwave irradiation of carbon quantum dots derived from solvothermal synthesis of l-arginine" 43 (43): 689-695, 2019
• 58 Chen L, "Orangeemissive carbon dot phosphors for warm white light-emitting diodes with high color rendering index" 109 : 110346-, 2020
• 59 Tetsuka H, "Optically tunable amino-functionalized graphene quantum dots" 24 (24): 5333-5338, 2012
• 60 Lu J, "Onepot synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoribbons, nanoparticles, and graphene by the exfoliation of graphite in ionic liquids" 3 (3): 2367-2375, 2009
• 61 Li H, "One-step ultrasonic synthesis of water-soluble carbon nanoparticles with excellent photoluminescent properties" 49 (49): 605-609, 2011
• 62 Hu S-L, "One-step synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles by laser irradiation" 19 (19): 484-488, 2009
• 63 Zhang J, "One-step hydrothermal approach to synthesis carbon dots from d-sorbitol for detection of iron(III)and cell imaging" 18 (18): 4457-4463, 2018
• 64 Dong Y, "One-step and high yield simultaneous preparation of single-and multi-layer graphene quantum dots from CX-72 carbon black" 22 (22): 8764-8766, 2012
• 65 Chen J, "One-pot synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon dots and its application for sensor and multicolor cellular imaging" 485 : 167-174, 2017
• 66 Saleem M. ; Naz M.Y. ; Shukrullah S. ; Shujah M. A. ; Akhtar M. ; Ullah Sami ; Ali S., "One-pot sonochemical preparation of carbon dots, influence of process parameters and potential applications: a review" 한국탄소학회 32 (32): 39-55, 2022
• 67 Kumar VB, "One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of elements(B, N, P)-doped fluorescent carbon dots for cell labelling, differentiation and outgrowth of neuronal cells" 4 : 4222-4232, 2019
• 68 Hou Y, "One-pot electrochemical synthesis of functionalized fluorescent carbon dots and their selective sensing for mercury ion" 866 : 69-74, 2015
• 69 Sun X, "One-pot and ultrafast synthesis of nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon dots possessing bright dual wavelength fluorescence emission" 7 (7): 17278-17282, 2015
• 70 Ren G, "One pot synthesis of highly fluorescent N doped C-dots and used as fluorescent probe detection for Hg2+and Ag+in aqueous solution" 243 : 244-253, 2017
• 71 Radovic LR, "On the chemical nature of graphene edges : origin of stability and potential for magnetism in carbon materials" 127 (127): 5917-5927, 2005
• 72 Demchenko AP, "Novel fluorescent carbonic nanomaterials for sensing and imaging" 1 (1): 042001-, 2013
• 73 Yang X, "Novel and green synthesis of high-fluorescent carbon dots originated from honey for sensing and imaging" 60 : 292-298, 2014
• 74 Zhu X, "Non-redox modulated fluorescence strategy for sensitive and selective ascorbic acid detection with highly photoluminescent nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles via solid-state synthesis" 87 (87): 8524-8530, 2015
• 75 Han Y, "Non-metal single/dual doped carbon quantum dots : a general flame synthetic method and electro-catalytic properties" 7 (7): 5955-5962, 2015
• 76 Li J, "Nitrogendoped carbon dots as a fluorescent probe for the highly sensitive detection of Ag+and cell imaging" 33 (33): 243-248, 2018
• 77 Liao J, "Nitrogen-doping enhanced fluorescent carbon dots : green synthesis and their applications for bioimaging and label-free detection of Au3+ions" 4 (4): 3053-3061, 2016
• 78 Yang Z, "Nitrogen-doped, carbon-rich, highly photoluminescent carbon dots from ammonium citrate" 6 (6): 1890-1895, 2014
• 79 Yeh TF, "Nitrogen-doped graphene oxide quantum dots as photocatalysts for overall water-splitting under visible light illumination" 26 (26): 3297-3303, 2014
• 80 Bhattacharya S, "Nitric oxide sensing through azo-dye formation on carbon dots" 2 (2): 1215-1224, 2017
• 81 Amiot CL, "Near-infrared fluorescent materials for sensing of biological targets" 8 (8): 3082-3105, 2008
• 82 Li D, "Near-infrared excitation/emission and multiphoton-induced fluorescence of carbon dots" 30 (30): 1705913-, 2018
• 83 Sagbas S, "Nanocarbon and its composites" Woodhead Publishing, Elsevier 651-676, 2019
• 84 Liu C, "Nano-carrier for gene delivery and bioimaging based on carbon dots with PEI-passivation enhanced fluorescence" 33 (33): 3604-3613, 2012
• 85 Borse V, "N-doped multi-fluorescent carbon dots for ‘turn off-on’ silver-biothiol dual sensing and mammalian cell imaging application" 248 : 481-492, 2017
• 86 Song Z, "Multifunctional N, S co-doped carbon quantum dots with pH-and thermodependent switchable fluorescent properties and highly selective detection of glutathione" 104 : 169-178, 2016
• 87 Hu S, "Modulation and effects of surface groups on photoluminescence and photocatalytic activity of carbon dots" 5 (5): 11665-11671, 2013
• 88 Li H, "Microwave-assisted synthesis of N, P-doped carbon dots for fluorescent cell imaging" 183 (183): 821-826, 2016
• 89 Gong N, "Microwave-assisted polyol synthesis of gadolinium-doped green luminescent carbon dots as a bimodal nanoprobe" 30 (30): 10933-10939, 2014
• 90 Zhu H, "Microwave synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles with electrochemiluminescence properties" 34 : 5118-5120, 2009
• 91 Bera K, "Metamorphosis of ruthenium-doped carbon dots : In search of the origin of photoluminescence and beyond" 28 (28): 7404-7413, 2016
• 92 Liu J, "Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway" 347 (347): 970-974, 2015
• 93 Liu R, "Metal nanoparticle/carbon quantum dot composite as a photocatalyst for high-efficiency cyclohexane oxidation" 4 (4): 328-336, 2014
• 94 Xu Q, "Metal charge transfer doped carbon dots with reversibly switchable, ultra-high quantum yield photoluminescence" 1 (1): 1886-1893, 2018
• 95 Shylesh S, "Mesoporous organosilicas with acidic frameworks and basic sites in the pores : an approach to cooperative catalytic reactions" 49 (49): 184-187, 2010
• 96 Ji Z, "Manganese-doped carbon dots for magnetic resonance/optical dualmodal imaging of tiny brain glioma" 4 (4): 2089-2094, 2018
• 97 Lin L, "Luminescent graphene quantum dots as new fluorescent materials for environmental and biological applications" 54 : 83-102, 2014
• 98 Baker SN, "Luminescent carbon nanodots : emergent nanolights" 49 (49): 6726-6744, 2010
• 99 Chandra S, "Luminescent S-doped carbon dots : an emergent architecture for multimodal applications" 1 (1): 2375-2382, 2013
• 100 Fu J, "Low overpotential for electrochemically reducing CO2to CO on nitrogen-doped Graphene quantum dots-wrapped single-crystalline gold nanoparticles" 3 (3): 946-951, 2018
• 101 Yang S, "Large-scale fabrication of heavy doped carbon quantum dots with tunable-photoluminescence and sensitive fluorescence detection" 2 (2): 8660-8667, 2014
• 102 Yang Z-C, "Intrinsically fluorescent carbon dots with tunable emission derived from hydrothermal treatment of glucose in the presence of monopotassium phosphate" 47 (47): 11615-11617, 2011
• 103 Tao H, "In vivo NIR fluorescence imaging, biodistribution, and toxicology of photoluminescent carbon dots produced from carbon nanotubes and graphite" 8 (8): 281-290, 2012
• 104 Sachdev A, "Implications of surface passivation on physicochemical and bioimaging properties of carbon dots" 4 (4): 20915-20921, 2014
• 105 Das P, "Immobilization of heteroatom-doped carbon dots onto nonpolar plastics for antifogging, antioxidant, and food monitoring applications" 37 (37): 3508-3520, 2021
• 106 Guo Y, "Hydrothermal synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon nanoparticles from sodium citrate and their use for the detection of mercury ions" 52 : 583-589, 2013
• 107 Huang H, "Histidine-derived nontoxic nitrogen-doped carbon dots for sensing and bioimaging applications" 30 (30): 13542-13548, 2014
• 108 Zhu S, "Highly photoluminescent carbon dots for multicolor patterning, sensors, and bioimaging" 125 (125): 4045-4049, 2013
• 109 Wang F, "Highly luminescent organosilane-functionalized carbon dots" 21 (21): 1027-1031, 2011
• 110 Li Z, "Highly luminescent nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots as effective fluorescent probes for mercuric and iodide ions" 3 (3): 1922-1928, 2015
• 111 Zhai X, "Highly luminescent carbon nanodots by microwave-assisted pyrolysis" 48 (48): 7955-7957, 2012
• 112 Mondal TK, "Highly luminescent N-doped carbon quantum dots from lemon juice with porphyrin-like structures surrounded by graphitic network for sensing applications" 6 (6): 59927-59934, 2016
• 113 Qian Z, "Highly luminescent N-doped carbon quantum dots as an effective multifunctional fluorescence sensing platform" 20 (20): 2254-2263, 2014
• 114 Liu Y, "Highly fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots with excellent thermal and photo stability applied as invisible ink for loading important information and anti-counterfeiting" 9 (9): 491-496, 2017
• 115 Choi Y, "Highly biocompatible carbon nanodots for simultaneous bioimaging and targeted photodynamic therapy in vitro and in vivo" 24 (24): 5781-5789, 2014
• 116 Lu W, "High-quality water-soluble luminescent carbon dots for multicolor patterning, sensors, and bioimaging" 5 (5): 16972-16979, 2015
• 117 Kong W, "High-bright fluorescent carbon dots and their application in selective nucleoli staining" 2 (2): 5077-5082, 2014
• 118 Wu J, "High quality nitrogen and silicon co-doped carbon dots(N/Si-CDs)for Fe3+sensing" 18 (18): 4196-4203, 2018
• 119 Gonçalves H, "Hg(II)sensing based on functionalized carbon dots obtained by direct laser ablation" 145 (145): 702-707, 2010
• 120 Iqbal A, "Heterogeneous synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dots prepared via anhydrous citric acid and melamine for selective and sensitive turn on-off-on detection of Hg(II), glutathione and its cellular imaging" 255 : 1130-1138, 2018
• 121 Xu Q, "Heteroatom-doped carbon dots : synthesis, characterization, properties, photoluminescence mechanism and biological applications" 4 (4): 7204-7219, 2016
• 122 Das P, "Heteroatom doped photoluminescent carbon dots for sensitive detection of acetone in human fluids" 266 : 583-593, 2018
• 123 Sailaja Prasannakumaran Nair S, "Green synthesized luminescent carbon nanodots for the sensing application of Fe3+ions" 30 (30): 357-363, 2020
• 124 Thambiraj S, "Green synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon quantum dots from sugarcane bagasse pulp" 390 : 435-443, 2016
• 125 Verma Sandeep Kumar ; Das Ashok Kumar ; Gantait Saikat ; Panwar Yogita ; Kumar Vinay ; Brestic Marian, "Green synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials and their applications in various sectors: a topical review" 한국탄소학회 32 (32): 365-393, 2022
• 126 Allan Jr. Gonçalves Afonso ; Felipe Thomaz Aquino ; Gisele M. L. Dalmônico ; Matheus V. Nascimento ; Ernesto Wrasse ; Kelen M. F. Rossi de Aguiar, "Green synthesis of carbon nanodots from agro-industrial residues" 한국탄소학회 32 (32): 131-141, 2022
• 127 Yin B, "Green synthesis of carbon dots with down-and up-conversion fluorescent properties for sensitive detection of hypochlorite with a dual-readout assay" 138 (138): 6551-6557, 2013
• 128 Mewada A, "Green synthesis of biocompatible carbon dots using aqueous extract of Trapa bispinosa peel" 33 (33): 2914-2917, 2013
• 129 Wang N, "Green preparation of carbon dots with papaya as carbon source for effective fluorescent sensing of Iron(III)and Escherichia coli" 85 : 68-75, 2016
• 130 Das P, "Green approach to photoluminescent carbon dots for imaging of gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli" 28 (28): 195501-, 2017
• 131 Bourlinos AB, "Green and simple route toward boron doped carbon dots with significantly enhanced non-linear optical properties" 83 : 173-179, 2015
• 132 S. Akash Prabhu, ; K. Geetha., "Graphene quantum dots synthesis and energy application: a review" 한국탄소학회 31 (31): 1-12, 2021
• 133 Jin H, "Graphene quantum dots supported by graphene nanoribbons with ultrahigh electrocatalytic performance for oxygen reduction" 137 (137): 7588-7591, 2015
• 134 Zhou L, "Graphene quantum dots from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon for bioimaging and sensing of Fe3+and hydrogen peroxide" 30 (30): 1086-1092, 2013
• 135 Peng J, "Graphene quantum dots derived from carbon fibers" 12 (12): 844-849, 2012
• 136 Singh V, "Graphene based materials : past, present and future" 56 (56): 1178-1271, 2011
• 137 Das P, "Graphene based emergent nanolights : a short review on the synthesis, properties and application" 45 (45): 3823-3853, 2019
• 138 Zheng XT, "Glowing graphene quantum dots and carbon dots : properties, syntheses, and biological applications" 11 (11): 1620-1636, 2015
• 139 Semeniuk M, "Future perspectives and review on organic carbon dots in electronic applications" 13 (13): 6224-6255, 2019
• 140 Tian Z, "Full-color inorganic carbon dot phosphors for white-light-emitting diodes" 5 (5): 1700416-, 2017
• 141 Zhang J, "Folic acid-conjugated green luminescent carbon dots as a nanoprobe for identifying folate receptor-positive cancer cells" 183 : 39-47, 2018
• 142 Lu Y, "Folate-mediated delivery of macromolecular anticancer therapeutic agents" 64 : 342-352, 2012
• 143 Zhang Y, "Fluorescent probes for “off–on” highly sensitive detection of Hg2+and l-cysteine based on nitrogen-doped carbon dots" 152 : 288-300, 2016
• 144 Liu H, "Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles derived from candle soot" 119 (119): 6593-6595, 2007
• 145 Ray S, "Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles : synthesis, characterization, and bioimaging application" 113 (113): 18546-18551, 2009
• 146 Kundu Niloy ; Sadhukhan Dhrubajyoti ; Sarkar Supriya, "Fluorescent carbon nano-materials from coal-based precursors: unveiling structure–function relationship between coal and nano-materials" 한국탄소학회 32 (32): 671-702, 2022
• 147 Wang Q, "Fluorescent carbon dots as an efficient siRNA nanocarrier for its interference therapy in gastric cancer cells" 12 (12): 58-, 2014
• 148 Wang F, "Fluorescence quenchometric method for determination of ferric ion using boron-doped carbon dots" 183 (183): 273-279, 2016
• 149 Jiang K, "Facile, quick, and gram-scale synthesis of ultralong-lifetime room-temperaturephosphorescent carbon dots by microwave irradiation" 57 (57): 6216-6220, 2018
• 150 Zhang M, "Facile synthesis of watersoluble, highly fluorescent graphene quantum dots as a robust biological label for stem cells" 22 (22): 7461-7467, 2012
• 151 Kou Xiaoli ; Xin Xin ; Zhang Yan ; Meng Long-Yue, "Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) and N-CDs/NiO composite as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction" 한국탄소학회 31 (31): 695-706, 2021
• 152 Lai C-W, "Facile synthesis of highly emissive carbon dots from pyrolysis of glycerol;gram scale production of carbon dots/mSiO 2 for cell imaging and drug release" 22 (22): 14403-14409, 2012
• 153 Kwon W, "Facile synthesis of graphitic carbon quantum dots with size tunability and uniformity using reverse micelles" 48 (48): 5256-5258, 2012
• 154 Liu S, "Facile onepot synthesis of highly fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots by mild hydrothermal method and their applications in detection of Cr(VI)ions" 206 : 65-71, 2019
• 155 Kumar VB, "Facile one-step sonochemical synthesis of ultrafine and stable fluorescent C-dots" 28 : 367-375, 2016
• 156 Shen C, "Facile access to B-doped solid-state fluorescent carbon dots toward light emitting devices and cell imaging agents" 3 (3): 6668-6675, 2015
• 157 Chandra S, "Fabrication of nitrogen-and phosphorous-doped carbon dots by the pyrolysis method for iodide and iron(III)sensing" 33 (33): 336-344, 2018
• 158 Wu X, "Fabrication of highly fluorescent graphene quantum dots using l-glutamic acid for in vitro/in vivo imaging and sensing" 1 (1): 4676-4684, 2013
• 159 Li S, "Exceptionally high payload of the IR780 iodide on folic acid-functionalized graphene quantum dots for targeted photothermal therapy" 9 (9): 22332-22341, 2017
• 160 Xia C, "Evolution and synthesis of carbon dots : from carbon dots to carbonized polymer dots" 6 (6): 1901316-, 2019
• 161 Christé S, "Evaluation of the environmental impact and efficiency of N-doping strategies in the synthesis of carbon dots" 13 (13): 504-, 2020
• 162 Hu S, "Enhanced performance of Fe3+detection via fluorescence resonance energy transfer between carbon quantum dots and rhodamine B" 4 (4): 41069-41075, 2014
• 163 Li X, "Engineering surface states of carbon dots to achieve controllable luminescence for solid-luminescent composites and sensitive Be2+detection" 4 (4): 1-8, 2014
• 164 Lin X, "Encapsulation of strongly fluorescent carbon quantum dots in metal–organic frameworks for enhancing chemical sensing" 86 (86): 1223-1228, 2014
• 165 Xu X, "Electrophoretic analysis and purification of fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube fragments" 126 (126): 12736-12737, 2004
• 166 Deng J, "Electrochemical synthesis of carbon nanodots directly from alcohols" 20 (20): 4993-4999, 2014
• 167 Ahirwar S, "Electrochemical method to prepare graphene quantum dots and graphene oxide quantum dots" 2 (2): 8343-8353, 2017
• 168 Sun M, "Efficient full-color emitting carbon-dot-based composite phosphors by chemical dispersion" 12 (12): 15823-15831, 2020
• 169 Wang K, "Effects of elemental doping on the photoluminescence properties of graphene quantum dots" 6 (6): 91225-91232, 2016
• 170 Hao Q, "Effect of nitrogen type on carbon dot photocatalysts for visible-light-induced atom transfer radical polymerization" 12 (12): 3060-3066, 2021
• 171 Shi R, "Effect of nitrogen doping level on the performance of N-doped carbon quantum dot/TiO2 composites for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution" 10 (10): 4650-4656, 2017
• 172 Liang Q, "Easy synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon quantum dots from gelatin and their luminescent properties and applications" 60 : 421-428, 2013
• 173 Li B, "Dually emitting carbon dots as fluorescent probes for ratiometric fluorescent sensing of pH values, mercury(II), chloride and Cr(VI)via different mechanisms" 186 (186): 341-, 2019
• 174 Parvin N, "Dually emissive P, N-co-doped carbon dots for fluorescent and photoacoustic tissue imaging in living mice" 184 (184): 1117-1125, 2017
• 175 Wang M, "Direct double Z-scheme O-g-C3N4/Zn2SnO4N/ZnO ternary heterojunction photocatalyst with enhanced visible photocatalytic activity" 492 : 690-702, 2019
• 176 Shanti Krishna A, "Detection and imaging of fatty plaques in blood vessels using functionalized carbon dots" 7 (7): 9482-9488, 2015
• 177 Barman MK, "Current status and prospects on chemical structure driven photoluminescence behaviour of carbon dots" 37 : 1-22, 2018
• 178 Wu X, "Control strategy on two-/four-electron pathway of water splitting by multidoped carbon based catalysts" 7 (7): 1637-1645, 2017
• 179 Duan Q, "Construction and application of targeted drug delivery system based on hyaluronic acid and heparin functionalised carbon dots" 188 : 110768-, 2020
• 180 JANA JAYASMITA ; 허승현, "Concentration-dependent emission of nitrogen-doped carbon dots and its use in hazardous metal-ion detection" 한국탄소학회 31 (31): 523-536, 2021
• 181 Qiao Z-A, "Commercially activated carbon as the source for producing multicolor photoluminescent carbon dots by chemical oxidation" 46 (46): 8812-8814, 2010
• 182 Wang F, "Colorimetric nanosensor based on the aggregation of AuNP triggered by carbon quantum dots for detection of Ag+ions" 6 (6): 3706-3713, 2018
• 183 Zhu M, "Cobalt phosphide/carbon dots composite as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction" 47 (47): 5459-5464, 2018
• 184 Wang C, "Chemiluminescent determination of l-cysteine with the lucigenin-carbon dot system" 187 (187): 1-6, 2020
• 185 Li W, "Carbon-quantum-dots-loaded ruthenium nanoparticles as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen production in alkaline media" 30 (30): 1800676-, 2018
• 186 Das P, "Carbon-dots-initiated photopolymerization : an in situ synthetic approach for MXene/poly(norepinephrine)/copper hybrid and its application for mitigating water pollution" 13 (13): 31038-31050, 2021
• 187 Zhang X, "Carbon-dots derived from nanodiamond : Photoluminescence tunable nanoparticles for cell imaging" 397 : 39-44, 2013
• 188 Wang B, "Carbon-dot modified polyacrylonitrile fibers : Recyclable materials capable of selectively and reversibly adsorbing smallsized anionic dyes" 391 : 123484-, 2020
• 189 Dong Y, "Carbon-based dots Co-doped with nitrogen and sulfur for high quantum yield and excitation-independent emission" 52 (52): 7800-7804, 2013
• 190 Luo PG, "Carbon “quantum” dots for optical bioimaging" 1 (1): 2116-2127, 2013
• 191 Han Y, "Carbon quantum dots with photoenhanced hydrogen-bond catalytic activity in aldol condensations" 4 (4): 781-787, 2014
• 192 Das R, "Carbon quantum dots from natural resource : a review" 8 : 96-109, 2018
• 193 Lim SY, "Carbon quantum dots and their applications" 44 (44): 362-381, 2015
• 194 Wang Y, "Carbon quantum dots : synthesis, properties and applications" 2 (2): 6921-6939, 2014
• 195 Baddour CE, "Carbon nanotube synthesis : a review" 3 (3): 1-20, 2005
• 196 Bhunia SK, "Carbon nanoparticle-based fluorescent bioimaging probes" 3 (3): 1-7, 2013
• 197 Tang J, "Carbon nanodots featuring efficient FRET for real-time monitoring of drug delivery and two-photon imaging" 25 (25): 6569-6574, 2013
• 198 Zhou L, "Carbon nanodots as fluorescence probes for rapid, sensitive, and label-free detection of Hg2+and biothiols in complex matrices" 48 (48): 1147-1149, 2012
• 199 Li H, "Carbon nanodots : synthesis, properties and applications" 22 (22): 24230-24253, 2012
• 200 Prakash S, "Carbon dot—NaCl crystals for white-light generation and Fabry–Perot lasing" 16 (16): 783-792, 2021
• 201 D'Angelis do ES Barbosa C, "Carbon dots(C-dots)from cow manure with impressive subcellular selectivity tuned by simple chemical modification" 21 (21): 5055-5060, 2015
• 202 Yang W, "Carbon dots with red-shifted photoluminescence by fluorine doping for optical bio-imaging" 128 : 78-85, 2018
• 203 Nie H, "Carbon dots with continuously tunable full-color emission and their application in ratiometric pH sensing" 26 (26): 3104-3112, 2014
• 204 Luo H, "Carbon dots in solar-to-hydrogen conversion" 2 (2): 623-637, 2020
• 205 Yang S-T, "Carbon dots for optical imaging in vivo" 131 (131): 11308-11309, 2009
• 206 Cao L, "Carbon dots for multiphoton bioimaging" 129 (129): 11318-11319, 2007
• 207 Das P, "Carbon dots for heavy-metal sensing, pHsensitive cargo delivery, and antibacterial applications" 3 (3): 11777-11790, 2020
• 208 Zhu C, "Carbon dots enhance the stability of CdS for visible-light-driven overall water splitting" 216 : 114-121, 2017
• 209 Chowdhuri AR, "Carbon dots embedded magnetic nanoparticles@ chitosan@ metal organic framework as a nanoprobe for pH sensitive targeted anticancer drug delivery" 8 (8): 16573-16583, 2016
• 210 Zhou J, "Carbon dots doped with heteroatoms for fluorescent bioimaging : a review" 184 (184): 343-368, 2017
• 211 Yang S-T, "Carbon dots as nontoxic and high-performance fluorescence imaging agents" 113 (113): 18110-18114, 2009
• 212 Wu ZL, "Carbon dots : materials, synthesis, properties and approaches to long-wavelength and multicolor emission" 5 (5): 3794-3809, 2017
• 213 Kang Z, "Carbon dots : advances in nanocarbon applications" 11 (11): 19214-19224, 2019
• 214 Aguilar Cosme JR, "Carbon dotprotoporphyrin IX conjugates for improved drug delivery and bioimaging" 14 (14): e0220210-, 2019
• 215 Wu Q, "Carbon defect-induced reversible carbon–oxygen interfaces for efficient oxygen reduction" 10 (10): 39735-39744, 2018
• 216 Georgakilas V, "Broad family of carbon nanoallotropes : classification, chemistry, and applications of fullerenes, carbon dots, nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds, and combined superstructures" 115 (115): 4744-4822, 2015
• 217 Yang Y, "Bottom-up fabrication of photoluminescent carbon dots with uniform morphology via a soft–hard template approach" 49 (49): 4920-4922, 2013
• 218 Wang H, "Biocompatible PEG-chitosan@ carbon dots hybrid nanogels for two-photon fluorescence imaging, near-infrared light/pH dual-responsive drug carrier, and synergistic therapy" 25 (25): 5537-5547, 2015
• 219 Liu Y, "Barium charge transferred doped carbon dots with ultra-high quantum yield photoluminescence of 99. 6% and applications" 32 (32): 861-865, 2021
• 220 Shan X, "B-doped carbon quantum dots as a sensitive fluorescence probe for hydrogen peroxide and glucose detection" 139 (139): 2322-2325, 2014
• 221 Kim E, "Atomic structure of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite doped with boron" 3 (3): 608-612, 2001
• 222 Chaudhary S, "Applications of carbon dots in nanomedicine" 13 (13): 591-637, 2017
• 223 Vickers NJ, "Animal communication: when i’m calling you, will you answer too?" 27 (27): R713-R715, 2017
• 224 Kaur N, "Amphiphilic carbon dots derived by cationic surfactant for selective and sensitive detection of metal ions" 95 : 72-77, 2019
• 225 Das TK, "Advances on catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol by nanostructured materials as benchmark reaction" 2022
• 226 Ganguly S, "Advancement in science and technology of carbon dot-polymer hybrid composites : a review" 1 (1): 022001-, 2019
• 227 Das P, "A simplistic approach to green future with ecofriendly luminescent carbon dots and their application to fluorescent nano-sensor ‘turn-off’ probe for selective sensing of copper ions" 75 : 1456-1464, 2017
• 228 Zhang B, "A novel one-step approach to synthesize fluorescent carbon nanoparticles" 28 : 4411-4414, 2010
• 229 Zhang Z, "A minireview on doped carbon dots for photocatalytic and electrocatalytic applications" 12 (12): 13899-13906, 2020
• 230 Wang X, "A mini review on carbon quantum dots : preparation, properties, and electrocatalytic application" 7 : 671-, 2019
• 231 Pan X, "A green emissive carbon-dot-based sensor with diverse responsive manners for multi-mode sensing" 143 (143): 5812-5821, 2018