18세기 후반 정조대 농정책의 시행과 의의 = The carrying-out of agricultural policy under the reign of King Jeong-Jo in the Late 18th century

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The aim of this paper is to inquire into the executing of policy for agricultural development under the reign of King Jeong-jo in the late 18th century. In the late 18th century, King Jeong-jo moved forward with various policies that intended to develop agricultural productivity. If we review the trend of research on essays on agricultural reform submitted in the late Chosun Dynasty, we could raise two questions. One is that most of research ignored being of King. In the field of political history, researchers have regarded the being of King as one of the most influential factors. With this critical mind, now we have to examine King Jeong-jo`s policy on agricultural development. The other question is the necessity for restudying the characteristic of essay on agricultural reform. There were so many essays on agricultural reform which had been presented to Kings. Then most of them were to reform the possession of land, and such being the case, Korean Historians regard them as radical or modernistic. But I insisted that they were derived from Oriental Idealistic Essay almost. Therefore we need to re-examine the characteristic of essay on agricultural reform, including essays on the promotion of irrigation. Now we investigate King Jeong-jo`s policy on agricultural development and promotion of irrigation, and re-study intellectuals`s opinion submitted to King Jeong-jo as regional agricultural manuals. The conclusion of this paper is as follows. In the late 18th century, King Jeong-jo moved forward with the plan that intended to develop agricultural productivity. So like other Kings of Chosun Dynasty, Jeong-jo used to proclaim the Order of Agricultural Development on the first day of January every year. He asked local governors to make desperate efforts in order to promote and stabilize agricultural productivity. So far, in comparison with other Kings, there is no peculiarity in Jeong-jo`s policy on agricultural development. But during the late reign of King Jeong-jo, he asked something to the common people beyond local governors and government officials. He ordered the common people to present essays on the promotion of agricultural development in the Order of Agricultural Development of 1798, that was proclaimed on the 30th of November exceptionally. King Jeong-jo planed to conpile ``Nongseodaejeon``, new grand agricultural manuals. One of these policies was encouragement of land-clearing for farming. King Jeong-jo succeeded to ancestor`s plan such as tax-free to clearing land for some years, awarding a prize to farmer promoted land clearing and so on. He regarded encouragement of land-clearing as one of the most important policy for agricultural development. So like other Kings of Chosun Dynasty, King Jeong-jo used to distributed calendar to both officer of central government and all local governor including the two upper classes of old Korea who lived in province. Anyway distribution of calendar was one of the policies for agricultural development. Because farmers in Korea should think calendar is matter of consequence, in order to cultivate crops appropriately. Now we brand calendar as a calendar of farming. Governors in Province(named Do) and magistrate of a county named Gunhyun had reported the state of cereal`s growth, and at the same time the amount of rainfall under their jurisdiction. We call these report as agricultural report and rainfall report. These reports used an principal evidence to judge good or bad forest of that year. Farmers had been suffered from natural disaster such as flood, drought. If there had been a calamity in any area, there were not proper tool of preventing from it. Then King Jeong-jo, central and local officers participated in praying to heaven stop of flood or draught. Being suffered from disaster, farmers seeded buckwheat in stead of rice. Because buckwheat needs more short days to grow than rice. After the late 18th century sweet potato was introduced to Korean farmers. Salvation from poor ha