브리튼제도 출신 가톨릭 망명자들과 유럽 전쟁 -명예혁명(1688)에서 7년 전쟁(1756-1763) 초반까지의 사례들을 중심으로- = “The Wild Geese”: Early Modern British Catholic Refugees in European Warfare, 1688-1763

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본고는 16-18세기 유럽사 서술에 있어서 그동안 대체로 간과되어왔던 브리튼제도가톨릭 망명자들의 역사를 그들의 군사적 경험을 중심으로 재구성한다. 영국 종교개혁에서 1688년 명예혁명을 거쳐 18세기 중반에 이르기까지 브리튼 세 왕국의많은 가톨릭 신자들이 유럽 대륙으로 망명을 택하였고, 그중 다수는 유럽 가톨릭국가의 군대에서 복무하였다. 본고는 명예혁명에서 7년 전쟁 초반에 이르는 시기를 중심으로, 에스파냐, 프랑스, 오스트리아로 망명하여 군사 분야에서 활약한 가톨릭 망명자들의 대표적인 사례를 통해, 당시 유럽 전쟁에서 이들의 역할과 그 영향을 살펴본다. 이들은 본국에서 탄압받는 가톨릭 신자라는 공통된 배경을 제외하면, 각기 매우 다양한 이유로 망명에 나섰으며 다양한 목표를 가지고 유럽 전쟁에참여하였다. 그러한 점에서 근대 초 브리튼 가톨릭 군사 망명자들은 역사상 늘 존재해온 ‘이주하는 인간’의 보편적 전형을 보여주고 있다. 동시에 이들은 이후의 역사 전개에 있어서 흔히 생각되던 것보다 훨씬 많은 영향력 끼쳤다. 이러한 모든측면을 종합해 보았을 때, 근대 초기 브리튼제도 출신 가톨릭 난민들과 그들의 다양한 역사적 경험은, 그동안 많은 역사 서술에서 할애되어온 것보다 더 큰 주목을받아야 할 이유가 충분하다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article examines and reconstructs the historical experiences of early modern British Catholic immigrants and refugees who served in the armies of European Catholic states. Historical discourses have unfairly ignored British Catholic refuges, who dominate with a heavy emphasis on Protestant refugees, most notably the French Huguenots. This article aims to recover the historical significance of the Catholic refugees by demonstrating that their participation in European warfare left a profound impact on the course of European history. It focuses on the English Catholics who served in the Spanish army from the 16th to 17th century in the ‘English Tercio’, the Irish Brigade in the French military well known as the ‘Wild Geese’, and finally the career of Maximilian von Browne who achieved a prominent position in Habsburg Austrian army. The ‘English Tercio’ in the Spanish military played a pioneering role for many British Catholics who served foreign Catholic monarchs and was highly valued by the Spanish kings for its bravery. The Irish Brigade form ed a particular assault unit of the French arm y until the coming of the French Revolution, contributing significantly too many of France’s wars. Likewise, the military career of von Browne, who became one of the most celebrated soldiers ever serving the Habsburg monarchy, profoundly impacted the course of European military history. In addition to their military significance, this article examines the diverse motives these various groups and individuals had for immigration and their different experiences in their adopted countries. All of these suggested that that these Catholic immigrants are worthy of further in-depth study and discussion despite the scant attention they have received.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 김대륜, "휘그 해석을 넘어서 : 명예혁명 연구사에 대한 검토" (41) : 2019
• 2 E. M. Burns, "서양 문명의 역사 III-근대에서 산업혁명까지" 소나무 2004
• 3 Duffy, Eamon, "“Over the Wall”: Converts from Popery in Eighteenth-Century England" 94 : 1976
• 4 "el rey al marqués de Castel Rodrigo, 8 de agosto de 1647"
• 5 Black, Jeremy, "Western Warfare 1775-1882" 2001
• 6 Conway, Stephen, "War, State, and Society in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland" 2006
• 7 Donagan, Barbara, "War in England 1642-1649" 2008
• 8 Duffy, Christopher, "The Wild Goose and the Eagle: A Life of Marshal Von Browne, 1705-1757" 2019
• 9 Burkhardt, Johannes, "The Seven Years’ War: Global Views" 2012
• 10 Stephen Conway, "The Scots Brigade in the Eighteenth Century" 1 : 2010
• 11 Scoville, Warren, "The Persecution of the Huguenots and French Economic Development" 1960
• 12 Smith, Lawrence B., "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. vol. 58" 2004
• 13 Childs, John, "The Nine Years’ War and the British Army, 1688-97: The Operations in the Low Countries" 1991
• 14 "The London Gazette, no. 8430. 12 March 1745"
• 15 "The Journal of the Battle of Fontenoy: as it was drawn up, and published by the Order of His Most Christian Majesty. Translated from the French"
• 16 de Mesa, Eduardo, "The Irish in the Spanish Army in the Seventeenth Century" 2014
• 17 Graham, D. P., "The Irish Brigade 1670-1745: The Wild Geese in French Service" 2019
• 18 Ingrao, Charles W., "The Habsburg Monarchy 1618-1815" 2019
• 19 Glickman, Gabriel, "The English Catholic Community, 1688-1745" 2009
• 20 Maffi, Davide, "The British Presence in the Spanish Military" 2021
• 21 Lynn, John A., "The Bayonets of the Republic" 1996
• 22 Muir, Rory, "Tactics and the Experience of Battle in the Age of Napoleon" 1998
• 23 "Newcastle to Henry Pelham, 7.18 May 1750"
• 24 Sowerby, Scott, "Making Toleration: The Repealers and the Glorious Revolution" 2013
• 25 Wilson, Peter H., "Lützen: Great Battles" 2018
• 26 Wilkinson, Richard, "Louis XIV" 2018
• 27 St. Paul, Horace, "Lobositz to Leuthen: Horace St. Paul and the Campaigns of Austrian Army in the Seven Years War 1756-57" 2017
• 28 "Lettre d’un officier français du camp devant Tournay, datée du 12 mai"
• 29 Black, Jeremy, "Kings, Nobles & Commoners: States & Societies in Early Modern Europe, a Revisionist History" 2004
• 30 "Journal of Campaign of William III in the Netherlands, 1692-93, by Lieut. Col. Jacob Richards, of the field-train of artillery"
• 31 Wilson, Peter H., "Iron and Blood: A Milliary History of the German-Speaking Peoples since 1500" 2022
• 32 O’Callaghan, J.C., "History of the Irish Brigades in the Service of Frnace" 1886
• 33 Bois, Jean-Pierre, "Fontenoy 1745: Louis XV, arbiter de l’Europe" 2012
• 34 Black, Jeremy, "European Warfare 1600-1815" 1994
• 35 Hernández, Antonio José Rodríguez, "Breve Historia de Los Tercios de Flandes" 2015
• 36 "A Particular Relation of the Battle Fought betwixxt the Confederate and French Armies, on the 29th July, 1693"
• 37 Bartlett, Thomas, "A Military History of Ireland" 1996
• 38 Murtagh, Harman, "A Military History of Ireland" 1996
• 39 윤덕희, "18세기 중반 영국 육군의 전투력 분석-데팅겐 전투(1743)를 중심으로" (157) : 2023