새마을運動의 三大指標에 對한 事業實態와 問題要因 糾明에 關한 硏究(Ⅱ) : 全羅北道內 各 國民學校와 結緣된 새마을을 中心으로 = A Research on the Problems and the Actual Conditions of Saemaul Projects according to Three Main Objectives of the Saemaul Movement(Ⅱ) -On Saemauls Connected With Elementary Schools in Jeon Ra Bug Do-
저자
金貞吉 (군산교육대학교)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1975
작성언어
Korean
KDC
041
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
251-276(26쪽)
제공처
소장기관
The saemaul (new village) movement has been launched since 1970 for the purpose of improving rural and urban living standards in accordance with one of the main objectives of the third five-year economic development program of the government. The objectives of the saemaul movement involve three domains : spiritaul development, improving environment, and boosting the income of rural and urban community people. The saemaul movement for five years has made a great effect on the development of our rural and urban communities.
In this epoch making period in our history, it is necessary to evaluate the results of the saemaul projects to find more effectively out how to attain the objectives of saemaul movement.
According to the necessity stated above, this research has been performed for two years to analyze the problems and the actual conditions, and to find out the methods of improving the saemaul projects. The first results of my research were reported in April, 1974. In this second paper, I report the result of continuing my study on the main problems of the previous research.
1. Method of Research
1) The objects of the research are 180 saemauls which have been connected with elementary schools from 1971 to 1974.
2) For the research, the survey method was used, and it has been performed for two months (August 1 to September 30) by the elementary school teachers who were trained during the in-service education course.
3) The items of the questionnaire were chosen from the reference materials, such as "The Handbook for Realizing the Saemaul Charter" and "The Handbook for Guiding and Leading Rural Community People to Boost their Incomes" published by the Jeon Ra Bug Do Provincial Office.
2. Contents of Research
1) Saemaul movement for spiritual development
(1) The problems of saemaul leaders (age, school career, training the saemaul leader and saemaul leader's impression of training course, the subjects which they want to study, the leadership (table 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
(2) The actual conditions of practising the laws of familiy ceremonies (marriage, mourning ceremony, and religious ceremony (table 10, 11, 12, 13)
(3) The problems of family planning (table 14, 15)
(4) The present condition of the saemaul libraries (table 16, 17)
(5) The amount of saving in saemaul banks (table 18, 19, 20)
2) Saemaul movement for improving environment
(1) The present situations for establishing saemaul welfare (table 21)
(2) The improvement of housing (table 22)
(3) The problems of improving environment (table 23)
3) Saemaul movement for boosting income
(1) The present basic facilities for production (table 24)
(2) The problems of producing Tong-Il(unification) rice IR 667 (table 25)
(3) The problems of raising two crops a year in the rice-field (table 26)
(4) The present conditions of cooperative farming system (table 27, 28)
3. Findings and Discussion
Based upon the results of the research, the problems which we have to discuss are as follows :
1) The present status of the saemaul movement
(1) The proportion of the nonfarming houses to farming houses at 180 saemauls is 16.8% in 1971, 23.0% in 1972, 31.8% in 1973, and 45.8% in 1974. The number of the nonfarming houses is incresing every year (table 1, 2). It suggests that the saemaul movement is gradually growing throughout the urban communities.
(2) The levels of accomplishing the saemaul projects are the basic saemaul, the self-helping saemaul, and the self-supporting saemaul. The result of the research on the degree of accomplishment suggests that most of the saemauls which have begun the saemaul projects earlier have a great deal of accomplishment.
2) The saemaul movement for spiritual development
(1) The school careers of the saemaul leaders are : 19% finished only elementary school, 34% middle school, 29% high school, and 9% graduated from college or university. It suggest that above half of the saemaul leaders have not enough education to carry out the saemaul movement. It is necessary to promote the educational careers of the saemaul leaders through in-service education at the regular adult educational institute (table 4).
Most of the saemaul leaders, 93%, have finished the Saemaul Leader Training Course which is held in the provincial educational institute on an average of 2.2 times, totalling an average of 9.7 days per leader, and in the central educational institute on an average of 1.1 times, for a total of 9.1 days per leader (table 5). Most of them suggest that the saemaul leader training is very effective for improving their ability (table 6).
15% of the saemaul leaders answered that the subjects of the training course are difficult for them to understand. It suggest that it is necessary to divide the group two or three levels according to the degrees of the leaders' education or the subjects which they want to learn (table 7, 8).
As to the questions on their leadership, 48%, of the saemaul people answered that their leaders are democratic, 47% laisez-faire, and 5% autocratic in performing saemaul projects. It suggests that we have to guide the leaders to perfomr the saemaul projects more democratically.
(2) The following results come from practising the new laws concerning family ceremonies, such as marriages, ceremonies of mourning, and religious ceremonies.
About marriage, six items were asked and five items of them have not successfully practiced by the saemaul people. The item practiced comparatively well is that the saemaul people, 53%, do not send wedding invitations so as to observe the law (table 10).
About the ceremony of mourning, most of the people answered that they do not put the headpiece of hemp worn on the top of a mourner's hood, do not use mourning flag, and do not send the information of one's death individually. But the other items were not practised well (table 11).
In the religious ceremony, most of the people do not simplify this ceremony following the new laws concerning family ceremonies (table 12).
As to the reason why they do not obey the laws of family ceremonies, most of the people answered that although they understand the idea of establishing the laws of family ceremonies, it is very difficult for them to cast off the traditions, to overcome the fear of having a repentance about the simplified ceremony which they held before, and to overcome the desire not to lose one's honour (table 13).
According to the above statement, it suggests that it is necessary to form the spirit of the nation for bringing about rational living and observing the law in everyday life.
(3) Though most of the saemaul people, 90%, understand the necessity of the family planning, they can not practise it well because most of them, 80%, want to have two sons and one daughter or three sons and one daughter with the thought grounded on the predominance of man over woman. because they need money for preventing conception, and because it is difficult for them to practise birth control (table 14, 15).
It suggests that we have to help the saemaul people develop the spirit of equal rights for man and woman and practise birth control more easily through medical services especially in rural communities.
(4) The saemaul library is a facility to help the saemaul people perform their saemaul projects effectively, and the saemaul libraries' actual conditions were investigated in this research. The results are as follows : Most of the saemauls, 62%, have libraries, but thear are a few books, 127 volumes per library (table 16).
Most of the saemaul people have answered that they understand the necessity of the saemaul library, and that they read the books to solve problems effectively, but that it is difficult for them to get the books.
According to the above statement, it is necessary for us to help the saemaul people to get the books through presentation of the public cooperations connected with the saemauls.
(5) According to the results of the present conditions of saemaul banks, most of the banks, 88%, have established funds averaging 438,000 won per bank, but a few of them, 8%, are in debt averaging 266,000 won per bank. It suggests that most of the saemaul people have managed the saemaul banks, but they are still poor.
In order to overcome the problem, we have to help the saemaul people to boost their incomes, to get loans with low interest rates, and to try to endeavor to increase their funds.
3) the saemaul movement for improving environment.
(1) Most of the saemaul projects for improving environment, such aswidening the road, improving drains, building village hall, installing electricity, and so on, have been performed above 70% of the goal (table 21, 22), but some projects, such as building public bathrooms, methane facilities, public barber shops, and so on, have made slow progress.
It suggests that the saemaul people have been trying the improve their environment, but they have no enough resources, materials, and technique (table 23).
In order to overcome those problems, the government authorities and the public cooperation is needed to give them more and active support.
4) The saemaul movement for boosting the income
(1) According to the result of investigating the present situation of basic farming facilities, the proportion of rice-field adjusted arable Iands is 44% in the level plain district, and 27% averaged from all districts. The number of small tractors is 2.1, and that of threshing mashines is 2.8 on an average (table 24). and the proportion of rice fields irrigated is 56% on an average.
Above stated results suggest that in order to boost the yiels of the farming houses, we have to help the saemaul people adjusting arable lands, motorizing farming, ploughing deeply, and irrigating rice-fields continuously through the support of the government authorities and other public cooperation.
(2) The proportion of the farming houses cultivating the Tong-Il (unification) rice (IR667), which has been recommended to increase the yield of rice, is 38% on an average. The problems of cultivating it suggested by the saemaul people are that though the output of the yield is high, the quality is inferior, that the market price is low, and that it is difficult to take care of it, and to cultivate it early (table 25).
The above statement suggests that it is necessary to guide the saemaul people to cultivate IR 667 more, and teach them the techniques. And moreover, it is important that the government authorities raise the price to increase zeal for the rice production of the seamaul people.
(3) The proportion of the farming houses raising two crops a year is 46% of the saemaul farming houses. The reasons not to raise two crops a year are that a greater part of their rice-fields is in wet places, and that they can not get enough income in comarison with invested capital.
The results suggest that it is necessary to help them facilitate drain age, to add soil to the rice-fields, to increase the interest in cultivating barley, and wheat through raising the price.
(4) In order to overcome poor and under developed farming management, some of the saemaul people, 71 saemauls out of 180, have been developing the cooperative farming system.
The kinds of farming with the cooperative system are 24. and the most managed cooperative farming groups have engaged in the cultivation of IR 667 at 14 saemauls, the second have engaged in the cultivation of tobacco-plants at 10 saemauls, and the third have been engaged in the cultivation of vgetables (table 27). As for the question asking their views on the cooperative farming system, most of the saemaul people, 83% of 65 saemauls, answered that it is more effective than individual farming. But there are a lot of problems, such as opening markets, improving techniques, supplying funds, and so on.
The government authorities have to try to solve those problems.
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