스와힐리 소설을 통해 본 해안 스와힐리 핵심문화의 확산과 변화양상, 현대화와 전지구화 주제를 중심으로 = The Aspects of Up-Country-extension and Change of Core Culture of Coastal Swahili, represented by Swahili modern Novels ; with special reference to Topics like Modernization and Globalization

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this article is to characterize the main factors of change and extension of the core values of Coastal Swahili traditional society, which were examined with the linguistic expressions in Utendi poems written by most famous poets and scholars(Kwon 2010). There has been a lot of discussions for a long time with the issues of the identity of Swahili people on the East African coast without any clear conclusion. Since the last century, the Swahili speaking area has expanded enormously, and at the same time the components of Swahili speaking community has also changed drastically with respect to its members. These trends are also represented in the writings like novels which were introduced at the beginning of this century. The prose writing has its roots in the oral narratives and it has developed fully into novel, the western style literary genre after the independence of East African nations. This paper examines 66 Swahili writers, who were born not only in Zanzibar and East African Coastal area including Mombasa, Tanga, Dar es Salaam, but also in interior provinces like Great lake areas or Njombe, the Southwest remote area of Tanzania. The experiences and inherited culture of inland writers are so different from those of Coastal Swahili people. However, these are written in Kiswahili, therefore they are included in Swahili literature. The diversity of modern Swahili novels is studied according to the authors, their ethnicity, the educational backgrounds, especially those of foreign university courses.
We are now summarizing the characteristics of new expanded Swahili speaking society as 'modernization', and 'globalization'. The historical development of East Africa can be expressed by such terms as Zanzibari Sultanate period, British-German protectorate, and following independences. Depending on the age of the writers, there has also been differences in their interests. To deal with the topics of the novels, we have examined 117 works with particular references to the characters, background and plot, but especially the themes. The traditional topics of poems like heshima, utamadhuni, usafi, siri, uislamu, ungwana seem to change drastically in modern Swahili speaking community. For example the religious concept of uislamu has changed into Christian religion or western Socialist ideology, while ungwana show its different aspect as political liberation struggles as Mau Mau in Kenya, or as that of Mozambique. Usafi can be related to the topic of critics for social justice in a new given East African government. Siri, ustaarabu or fakhri are the universal moral values, which are devastated through, for example, corruption or violences, in the last centuries. The writers are overall very keen to the given situations, so tried to solve or at least to show the way to the salvation. So we could assert that the seemingly unrelated traditional Swahili core values are still functioning in the 21th century in rather different looks. In spite of its expanding and changing nature of Swahili culture, there seem to be still invariant elements in the form of Swahili language in East Africa.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 서론: 연구 목표와 방법
• 2. 스와힐리 전통의 대안으로서의 서구 예찬, 초기 소설들
• 3. 1970년대 신생독립국에서 겪는 새로운 주제들
• 4. 90년대 이후의 소설 동향
• 5. 주요 특질들 분석과 요약정리
• 6. 맺는 말: 해안 스와힐리 핵심 문화의 확산과 변화
• 〈참고문헌〉
• Abstract
• 부록

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 권명식, "탄자니아의 언어 상황과 언어 정책" 1 : 147-183, 1990
• 2 권명식, "쿳시의 소설 텍스트 분석: ‘포우’의 주제와 형식을 중심으로" 한국아프리카학회 24 (24): 3-50, 2006
• 3 권명식, "케질라하비의 소설 '로자미스티카' 연구, 인물중심으로" 4 (4): 193-208, 1990
• 4 권명식, "케냐의 민족구성 - 문화변동을 중심으로. in: 세계인의 의식구조 II" 외대 외국학 종합연구센터 181-200, 1997
• 5 박정경, "케냐 스와힐리 문학의 부상: 교육 언어정책이 스와힐리 문학에 미친 영향" 39-55, 2009
• 6 권명식, "저항과 영원회귀를 향한 최소주의적 삶: 쿳시의 소설 ‘마이클 K의 삶과 시대’에 나타난 인물연구" 21 : 3-54, 2007
• 7 허남운, "언어 접촉상황에서의 언어 변화와 문법화에 대한 고찰, 샤바 스와힐리어를 중심으로" 한국외국어 대학교 2006
• 8 권명식, "압둘라의 소설 죽은 영혼의 무덤 연구, 구성과 문체를 중심으로" 33 : 1-24, 2001
• 9 양철준, "악한으로서의 잔혹한 아랍-스와힐리인 노예상과 해방자로서의 선한 영국인, '노예들의 해방'에 나타난 아랍-스와힐리인" 2010
• 10 권명식, "아프리카 현대소설의 주요 인물과 주제들, 소잉카, 고디머, 무왕기를 중심으로" 10 : 1-22, 1998
• 11 권명식, "아프리카 청소년들이 겪는 도시 문제, 스와힐리 소설을 중심으로" 18 : 3-36, 2005
• 12 권명식, "아프리카 문학에 있어서의 이념논쟁" 민족지성 214-221, 1989
• 13 권명식, "식민주의와 인종갈등의 극복, 무너진 전통사회의 단면들(아체베의 '무너져 내리다'), 살아남은 자의 고통과 불안(고디머의 '가버린 부르주아의 세계')" 5 : 297-318, 1998
• 14 권명식, "스와힐리어 현대 소설 연구, 주요 작가와 작품개관" 26 : 1-14, 1993
• 15 권명식, "문학 텍스트를 바탕으로 한 독일과 아프리카의 정신적 교류" 1 : 392-419, 1995
• 16 권명식, "문법화의 단방향성, 콩고 샤바-스와힐리어의 언어변화를 중심으로" 19 : 3-40, 2005
• 17 권명식, "모하메드의 소설 '갈증(Kiu)'연구, 인물과 주제 분석" 11 : 25-48, 1999
• 18 권명식, "개인성과 서정성, 응구기의 초기작품" 문예중앙 316-319, 1987
• 19 Swartz, Marc J., "The way the world is, cultural processes and social relations among the Mombasa Swahili" University of California Press 1991
• 20 Kusimba, Chapurukha, "The rise and fall of Swahili states" Alta Mira Press 1999
• 21 Loimeier, R., "The global worlds of the Swahili:Interfaces of Islam, identity and space in 19thand 20thcentury East Africa" Lit Verlag 2006
• 22 Middleton, John, "The World of the Swahili; an African Mercantile Civilization" Yale University Press 1992
• 23 Nurse, Derek, "The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society" University of Pennsylvania Press 800-1500, 1500
• 24 Salim, "The Swahili-speaking Peoples of Kenya’s Coast, 1895-1945" James Currey 1945
• 25 Prince, A. H. J., "The Swahili-speaking People of Zanzibar and the East African Coast" International African Institute 1961
• 26 Horton, Mark, "The Swahili, the Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society" Blackwell 2000
• 27 Kwon, Myong-Shik, "The Dynamics of Swahili Culture" Daehae 2010
• 28 Mazrui A., "Swahili State and Society: the political economy of an African language" East African educational publishers 1995
• 29 Allen, James de Vere, "Swahili Origins: Swahili culture and the Shungwaya phenomenon" Ohio University Press 1993
• 30 p'Bitek, Okot, "Song of Ocol" Nairobi 1970
• 31 Sheriff, Abdull, "Slaves, Spices & Ivory in Zanzibar, integration of an East African Commercial Empire into WorldEconomy, 1770-1873" James Currey 1873
• 32 Bertonchini, E. Z., "Outline of Swahili Literature, Prose fiction and Drama, scond edition" Brill 2009
• 33 Lunn, Eugene, "Marxism and Modernism: a historical study of Lukacs, Brecht, Benjamin and Adorno" California university press 1982
• 34 Jansen, Karl Hainz, "Literatur und Geschichte in Afrika" Dietrich Reimer Verlag 1981
• 35 Kwon, Myong-Shik, "Linguistic Expressions of Core values of traditional Swahili poetry, with special reference to the Dynamics of Swahili culture. in: Africa Affaires vol.27" IAS 3-30, 2010
• 36 Spindler, George, "Globalization and Change in fifteen Cultures, born in one World, living in another" Thomson Wadsworth 2007
• 37 Jahn, Janheinz, "Geschichte der neoafrikanischen Literatur" Düsseldorf 1966
• 38 Glassman, Jonathon, "Feasts and Riot, revelry, rebellion and popular consciousness on the Swahili Coast,1856-1888" Heinemann 1888
• 39 Miller, Barbara, "Cultural Anthropology in a Globalizing World" Pearson 2008
• 40 Caplan, Ann Patricia, "Choice and Constraint in a Swahili Community:Property, Hierarchy, and Cognatic Descent on the East Africa Coast" IAI 1975
• 41 Caplan, Ann Patricia, "Changing Swahili cultures in a globalizing world: an approach form anthropology. in: Cultural Dynamics of Pre-colonial and colonial Swahili Society on the East African Coast" The Swahiliphone East Africa Research Group 3-17, 2009
• 42 Sheriff, Abdull, "Between two worlds: the littoral peoples of the Indian Ocean" 15-30, 2006
• 43 Sarup, Madan, "An Introductory Guide to Post-Structuralism and Postmodernism" Prentice Hall 1993
• 44 Gordon, Donald L., "African Politics. in: Understanding Contemporary Africa" Lynne Rienner pbulishers 57-108, 2007
• 45 Schraeder, Peter J., "African Politics and Society, a mosaic in Transformation" Thomson 2004
• 46 Middleton, John, "African Merchants of the Indian Ocean, Swahili of the East African Coast" Waveland 2004
• 47 Revisiting the Politics of Zanzibar: in search of the root Causes of the 1964 Revolution, ""Revisiting the Politics of Zanzibar:in search of the root Causes of the 1964 Revolution"in The fist SEAREG(Swahiliphone East Africa Research Group)International Conference,Cultural Dynamics of Pre-Colonial and Colonial Swahili Society on the East African Coast.Proceeding 201-210" 201-210, 2009