HVAC design data sourcebook

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xix
• Section 1. Basic Data and Fundamentals = 1
• Figure 1-1 Properties of the Circle = 2
• Figure 1-2 Properties of Geometric Sections = 3
• Figure 1-3 Properties of Geometric Sections and Structural Shapes = 9
• Figure 1-4 Trigonometric Formulas = 10
• Table 1-1 Decimals of a Foot for Each 32nd of an Inch = 11
• Figure 1-5 Bracing Formulas = 13
• Figure 1-6 Properties of the Parabola and Ellipse = 14
• Table 1-2 Weights and Measures - United States Customary System(Uscs) = 15
• Table 1-3 Weights and Measures - International System of Units(SI) (Metric Practice) = 16
• Table 1-4 SI Conversion Factors = 17
• Table 1-5 Decimals of an Inch for Each 64th of an Inch, with Millimeter Equivalents = 19
• Table 1-6 Equivalent Listing = 20
• Table 1-7 General Conversion, USCS and Metric = 21
• Table 1-8 Temperature Conversion Table - Celsius(Centigrade) to Fahrenheit = 25
• Table 1-9 Basic Heating and Ventilation Formulas = 27
• Table 1-10 Minimum Ventilation Air for Various Activities = 28
• Table 1-11 Application Formulas = 28
• Table 1-12 Basic Heating Data = 29
• Table 1-13 Pressure Facts = 30
• Table 1-14 Power, Mass, Volume, and Weight of Water Formulas = 31
• Table 1-15 Water Pressure Conversion : Pounds per Square Inch to Feet Head and Feet Head to Pounds per Square Inch = 32
• Table 1-16 Conversion Factors for Length, Torque, rotation, Moment of Inertia, Power, and Temperature, USCS and Metric = 34
• Table 1-17 Conversion Factors for Pressure, Temperature, Weight of Liquid, Flow, and Work, USCS = 35
• Table 1-18 DC and AC Power Circuits = 36
• Table 1-19 Specific Gravity of Liquids = 37
• Table 1-20 specific Gravity of Gases(at 60℉ and 29. 9 inHg) = 37
• Table 1-21 Steam Table = 38
• Table 1-22 Horsepower Required to Pump 1 Gallon of Water per Minute at 87% Pump Efficiency = 39
• 1-1 How to Calculate Horsepower, Accelerating Force for Linear Motion, Accelerating Torque for Rotary Motion, and Shaft Inertia = 39
• Figure 1-7 Solid and Hollow Cylinders = 42
• Table 1-23 Inertia of Steel Shafting(per Inch of Length) = 42
• Table 1-24 Shaft Material Factors = 43
• Figure 1-8 Calculating the Inertia of Complex Concentric Rotating Parts = 44
• 1-2 Horsepower and Torque = 45
• Table 1-25 Horsepower and Torque Capacity of Shafting = 46
• Figure 1-9 Illustration of Horsepower = 47
• Figure 1-10 Illustration of torque = 47
• Figure 1-11 Illustration of Torque Increase with Speed Decrease = 49
• 1-3 center-Distance Determination in Custom-designed Belt Drives = 49
• Figure 1-12 Belt Geometry = 50
• Table 1-26 Pulley Pitch and Outside Diameters = 51
• Figure 1-13 Belt Pitch Selection = 54
• figure 1-14 Belt With Selection = 55
• Section 2. Heat loss Estimating = 57
• Table 2-1 Recommended Design for Indoor Winter Temperatures, by Type of Building = 58
• Table 2-2 Recommended Design for Outdoor Winter Temperatures, for Various Locations = 59
• Table 2-3 Transmission Coefficients(U) for Wood and Steel Doors, Btu／h · ft²·℉ = 60
• Table 2-4 Average Heat Loss for Various Materials = 61
• Table 2-5 Below-Grade Heat Losses = 61
• Figure 2-1 Chart for Estimating Heat Loss at 60℉ Room Design Temperature for One-Story Building with Flat Roof = 62
• Figure 2-2 Chart for Estimating Heat Loss at 60℉ Room Design Temperature for One-Story Building with Heated Space above = 62
• Figure 2-3 Chart for Estimating Heat Loss at 65℉ Room Design Temperature for One-Story Building = 63
• Figure 2-4 Chart for Estimating Heat Loss at 65℉ Room Design Temperature for Multistory Building = 63
• Figure 2-5 Chart for Estimating Heat Loss at 70℉ Room Design Temperature for One-Story Building with Flat Roof = 64
• Figure 2-6 Chart for Estimating Heat Loss at 70℉ Room Design Temperature for One-Story Heated Space above = 64
• Figure 2-7 Chart for Estimating Heat Loss at 70℉ Room Design Temperature for Entire Building(Multistory) = 65
• Figure 2-8 Typical Heat Loss Calculation = 66
• Figure 2-9 Basic Heat Loss Calculation for a Frame Wall = 67
• Section 3. Building Material Properties = 69
• Table 3-1 Weights of Building Materials = 70
• Table 3-2 Weights of Building Materials = 70
• Table 3-3 Thermal Properties of Typical Building and Insulation Materials - Design Values = 73
• Table 3-4 Properties of Solids = 80
• Table 3-5 Coefficients of Transmission(U) of Frame Walls = 84
• Table 3-6 Coefficients of Transmission(U) of Frame Partitions of Interior Walls = 85
• Table 3-7 Coefficients of Transmission(U) of Solid Masonry Walls = 86
• Table 3-8 Coefficients of Transmission(U) of Masonry Walls = 87
• Table 3-9 Coefficients of Transmission(U) of Masonry Cavity Walls = 88
• Table 3-10 Coefficients of Transmission(U) of Masonry Partitions = 89
• Table 3-11 Coefficients of Transmission(U) of Frame Construction Ceilings and Floors = 90
• Table 3-12 Coefficients of Transmission(U) of Flat Masonry Roofs with Built-Up Roofing, with and without Suspended Ceilings(Winter Conditions, Upward Flow) = 91
• Table 3-13 Coefficients of Transmission(U) of Wood Construction Flat Roofs and Ceilings(Winter Conditions, Upward Flow) = 92
• Table 3-14 Coefficients of Transmission(U) of Metal Construction Flat Roofs and Ceilings(Winter Conditions, Upward Flow) = 93
• Table 3-15 Coefficients of Transmission(U) of Pitched Roofs = 94
• Table 3-16 Coefficients of Transmission(U) of Windows, Skylights, and Light Transmitting Partitions = 96
• Table 3-17 Coefficients of Transmission(U) for Slab Doors = 98
• Section 4. Heating Fuel Data = 101
• Table 4-1 Heat Values of Wood Fuel = 4102
• Table 4-2 Typical Btu Value of Fuels = 103
• Table 4-3 Heat Values of Petrofuels = 103
• Table 4-4 Physcal Properties of Propane = 104
• Table 4-5 Heating Efficiency Comparison = 104
• Figure 4-1 Fuel Cost, $／Million Btu of Steam Output = 105
• Table 4-6 Tank Sizing(in Gallons) for Vapor Withdrawal = 106
• Table 4-7 Combustion Reactions of Common Fuel Constituents = 107
• Table 4-8 ASTM Classification for U. S. Coals = 108
• Table 4-9 Classification of Coals by Rank = 109
• Table 4-10 Typical Ultimate Analyses for Coals = 110
• Table 4-11 ASTM Specifications Classify Oils According to Grade = 111
• Table 4-12 Heating Values of Fuel Oils vs. API Gravity at 60℉(15.6℃) = 111
• Table 4-13 Heat Gain from Typical Electric Motors = 112
• Table 4-14 Rates of Heat Gain From Occupants of Conditioned Spaces = 113
• Table 4-15 Analysis of Refuse Components, Percentage by Weight = 114
• Table 4-16 Ordinary Ranges of Overall Coefficients of Heat Transfer = 115
• Table 4-17 Heat Gain Factors of Typical Applications under Hoods = 116
• 4-1 Solar Angles and Sun-Path Diagrams = 116
• Figure 4-2 Sun-Path Diagram Method = 117
• Table 4-18 Declination of the Sun = 118
• 4-2 Calculation of Solar Position = 118
• Figure 4-3 Sun-Path Diagrams = 119
• 4-3 Calculation of Solar Radiation = 123
• 4-4 Radiation Calculator = 124
• Table 4-19 Solar Position Values and Direct Radiation Energies = 125
• Figure 4-4 Radiation Calculator = 128
• 4-5 Shading : Devices, Masks, Protractor = 128
• Figure 4-5 Shading Geometry = 130
• Figure 4-6 Shading Mask Protractor = 131
• Figure 4-7 Types of Shading Devices = 132
• 4-6 Example of Shading Device Calculation = 135
• Figure 4-8 Example of Shading Device Calculation(Step 1) = 135
• Figure 4-9 Example of Shading Device Calculation(Step 2) = 136
• Figure 4-10 Example of Shading Device Calculation(Step 2 Continued) = 136
• Figure 4-11 Example of Shading Device Calculation(Step 3) = 137
• Figure 4-12 Example of Shading Device Calculation(Step 4) = 137
• Figure 4-13 Example of Shading Device Calculation(Step 5) = 138
• Figure 4-14 Isogonic Chart of the United States, From U. S. Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1965 = 140
• Section 5. Heating Systems = 143
• Figure 5-1 Typical Oil-Fired Forced-Air Heating System = 144
• Figure 5-2 Typical Steam Unit Heater Installation Diagram = 145
• Figure 5-3 Air-to-Air Heat Pump = 146
• Figure 5-4 Boiler Fuel-Oil Diagram = 147
• Figure 5-5 Field-Erected Boiler With Water-Cooled Pinhole Grate = 148
• Figure 5-6 Standing Pilot Ensures Reignition If Fuel Flow Is Interrupted = 149
• Figure 5-7 Cyclonic Burner = 149
• Figure 5-8 Plan View of a Typical Fireplace = 150
• Figure 5-9 Front Elevation of a Typical Fireplace = 151
• Figure 5-10 Fluidized-Bed Combustor Burns Hogged Wood Waste = 151
• Figure 5-11 Typical Mass Burning Refuse-to-Energy System = 152
• Figure 5-12 Typical RDF Refuse-to-Energy System = 153
• Figure 5-13 RDF Boiler with Arches to Boost Effectiveness of Overfire Air System = 154
• Figure 5-14 Schematic Diagram of a Typical Residential Solar Heat System(Water-Cooled Collector) = 155
• Figure 5-15 Typical Layout of an Electrically Heated Building = 156
• Section 6. Ventilating System = 159
• Figure 6-1 Single-Path Air Systems = 160
• Figure 6-2 Dual-Path Air Systems = 161
• Figure 6-3 Dual-Duct Mixing Box = 162
• Figure 6-4 Rooftop Heat-Recovery-Unit Control = 163
• Figure 6-5 Typical All-Air Systems = 164
• Figure 6-6 Axial Fans = 166
• Figure 6-7 Propeller Fans = 166
• Figure 6-8 Power Roof Exhaust Ventilator = 167
• Figure 6-9 Fan Rotation and Discharge Positions = 168
• Figure 6-10 Steam Humidifiers = 169
• Figure 6-11 Typical Air-Water Systems = 170
• Section 7. Air Conditioning = 173
• Table 7-1 Air Conditioning Formulas and Data = 174
• Table 7-2 Outside Design Temperatures and Latitudes for Various Cities in the United States = 175
• Table 7-3 Design Temperature Differences = 178
• Table 7-4 Equivalent Full-Load Hours of Operation per Year = 179
• Table 7-5 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Glass and Glass Blocks = 180
• Table 7-6 Cooling-Load Low Check Figures = 181
• Table 7-7 Cooling-Load Average Check Figures = 182
• Table 7-8 Cooling-Load High Check Figures = 183
• Table 7-9 Atmospheric Pressure and Barometer Readings at Different Altitudes = 184
• Table 7-10 Moisture Content of Saturated Air at Various Temperatures = 185
• Table 7-11 Specific Gravity of Moist Air at Standard Sea-Level Pressure = 186
• Table 7-12 Weight of Water Vapor in One Foot of Air at Various Temperatures and Percentages of Saturation = 187
• Figure 7-1 Pounds of Vapor per Pound of Dry Air at Saturation = 188
• Figure 7-2 Graph for Determining Air Density at Temperatures and Altitudes Other than Standard = 189
• Figure 7-3 Lines and Scales on the Trane Psychrometric Chart = 190
• Figure 7-4 ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1 = 191
• Figure 7-5 Standard Effective Temperature and the ASHRAE Comfort Zones = 192
• Figure 7-6 Dew Point Conversion = 193
• Table 7-13 Data for Brine Calculations Needed by Refrigeration Engineers = 194
• Table 7-14 Capacity Requirements for Ammonia Compressors = 195
• Table 7-15 Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air, Standard Atmospheric Pressure, 14. 696 psi(29.921 inHg) = 196
• Table 7-16 Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation = 208
• Figure 7-7 Central Heating - Ventilating - Air-Conditioning Unit = 222
• Figure 7-8 Evaporation Condenser(Draw-Through Type) = 222
• Table 7-17 Quick Checklist for Air-Conditioning Refrigeration Systems = 223
• Table 7-18 Troubleshooter's Guide to Refrigeration Problems = 223
• Table 7-19 Definition of Psychrometrics Terms = 229
• Section 8. Piping Design = 233
• Figure 8-1 Hot-Water Heating Piping Diagram = 234
• Figure 8-2 Chilled-Water Piping Diagram = 235
• Figure 8-3 Condenser Water Piping Diagram = 235
• Table 8-1 Pipe Schedule = 236
• Table 8-2 Fitting Schedule = 237
• Table 8-3 Valve Schedule = 238
• Table 8-4 Recommended Test Pressures for Piping Systems = 239
• Figure 8-4 Friction Loss for Water in Commercial Steel Pipe(Schedule 40) = 240
• Figure 8-5 Friction Loss for Water in Plastic Pipe(Schedule 80) = 240
• Figure 8-6 Friction Loss for Water in Copper Tubing(Types K, L, M) = 240
• Figure 8-7 Friction Loss in Water Piping(Fairly Rough, Older Pipe) = 241
• Table 8-5 Equivalent Length for Fittings = 242
• Figure 8-8 Loss of Air Pressure due to Pipe Friction Measured at Standard Conditions of 14.7 psia and 60℉ = 243
• Table 8-6 How to Cut Odd-Angle Elbows = 244
• 8-1 Pipe Alignment = 246
• Figure 8-9 Pipe Alignment - Pipe to Pipe = 246
• Figure 8-10 Pipe Alignment - 90° Elbow to Pipe = 247
• Figure 8-11 Pipe Alignment - 45° Elbow to Pipe = 247
• Figure 8-12 Pipe Alignment - 45° Elbow to Pipe(Alternate Method) = 247
• Figure 8-13 Pipe Alignment - Tee to Pipe = 248
• Figure 8-14 Pipe Alignment - Tee to Pipe(Alternate Method) = 248
• Figure 8-15 Pipe Alignment - Flange to Pipe(Step 1) = 248
• Figure 8-16 Pipe Alignment - Flange to Pipe(Step 2) = 249
• Figure 8-17 Jig for Small-Diameter Piping = 249
• Figure 8-18 Typical Pipe Hangers = 251
• Table 8-7 Types of Hangers and Supports = 253
• Section 9. Air Distribution Design = 257
• Figure 9-1 Ductulator - USCS(English) Units = 258
• Figure 9-2 Ductulator - SI Metric Units = 259
• Table 9-1 Volume of Ventilation Air for Various Buildings = 260
• Table 9-2 Air Diffusion Performance Index(ADPI) Selection Guide = 261
• Figure 9-3 Chart for Determining Centerline Velocities of Axial and Radial Jets = 262
• Figure 9-4 Friction Chart = 263
• Figure 9-5 Typical HVAC Unit Connections = 264
• Figure 9-6 Elbow and Branch Takeoff Losses = 265
• Figure 9-7 Performance of an Airfoil Blade Fan = 265
• Figure 9-8 Types of Centrifugal Fan Blades = 267
• Figure 9-9 Isometric View of Return Air Duct = 68
• Figure 9-10 Isometric View of Horizontal Mounted Furnace Ductwork = 269
• Section 10. Attic Ventilation = 271
• 10-1 Why Ventilate? = 272
• 10-2 How Ventilation Works = 281
• 10-3 Types of Attic Ventilation = 289
• 10-4 How Much Attic Vent Is Required? = 299
• 10-5 Ventilating for the Whole House Fan = 303
• Section 11. Sheet Metal Duct Design = 311
• Figure 11-1 Ductwork Takeoff Rules = 312
• Table 11-1 Surface Areas of Round Ducts = 313
• Table 11-2 Surface Areas of Rectangular Ducts = 314
• Figure 11-2 Typical Supply or Return Duct = 315
• Figure 11-3 Rectangular Elbows = 316
• Figure 11-4 Vanes and Vane Runners = 317
• Figure 11-5 Number of Short Radius Vanes = 318
• Figure 11-6 Parallel Flow Branches = 319
• Figure 11-7 Branch Connections = 320
• Figure 11-8 Offset and Transitions = 321
• Figure 11-9 Volume Dampers - Single Blade Type = 322
• Figure 11-10 Multiblade Volume Dampers = 323
• Figure 11-11 Grille and Register Connections = 324
• Figure 11-12 Ceiling Diffuser Branch Ducts = 325
• Figure 11-13 90° Tees and Laterals = 326
• Figure 11-14 Conical Tees = 327
• Figure 11-15 Flat Oval Ducts = 328
• Figure 11-16 Typical Underslab Duct = 329
• Figure 11-17 Riser Supports - from Floor = 330
• Figure 11-18 Supports from Wall = 331
• Figure 11-19 Louvers and Screens = 332
• Figure 11-20 Rooftop Duct Installation = 333
• Figure 11-21 Large Intake or Exhaust Covers = 334
• Section 12. Energy Conservation = 337
• Table 12-1 Potential Energy Conservation Checklist = 338
• Figure 12-1 Space Conditioning Equipment and Schedules = 341
• Figure 12-2 Gas Consumption Tabulation = 342
• Figure 12-3 Fuel Oil and Propane Consumption Tabulation = 342
• Figure 12-4 Electricity Consumption Tabulation = 343
• Figure 12-5 Building Survey - Equipment List Tabulation = 344
• Table 12-2 Energy Equivalents = 345
• Table 12-3 Power Equivalents = 345
• Section 13. Climatic Data = 347
• Table 13-1 Climatic Conditions for the United States = 348
• Table 13-2 Climatic Conditions for Canada = 373
• Table 13-3 Climatic Conditions for Other Countries = 377
• 13-1 Weather Extremes in Canada and the United States = 386
• 13-2 World Weather Extremes = 388
• Figure 13-1 Condensation Zones in the United States = 393
• Figure 13-2 Humid Climates in the World = 393
• Figure 13-3 Humid Climates in the Continental United States = 394
• Figure 13-4 Flow Patterns around a Rectangular Building = 394
• Figure 13-5 Typical Mean Wind Speed Profiles over Different Terrain Roughness = 395
• Figure 13-6 Surface Flow Patterns and Building Dimensions = 395
• Figure 13-7 Sensitivity of System Volume to Locations of Building Openings, Intakes, and Exhausts = 393
• Figure 13-8 Development of an Internal Boundary Layer following a Change in Terrain Roughness = 396
• Figure 13-9 Flow Recirculation Regions and Exhaust to Intake Stretched String Distances(Willson 1982) = 397
• Figure 13-10 Solar Angles for Vertical and Horizontal Surfaces = 397
• 13-3 Roof-Snow and Ice-Dam Problems = 398
• 13-4 Recognition of Ice-Dams = 400
• Figure 13-11 Typical Snow-Country Eave in Late Winter = 400
• Figure 13-12 Sketch of the Ice-Dam Problem = 401
• 13-5 Occurrence of Roof-Snow and Ice-Dam Problems = 402
• 13-6 Identification of Snow-Water Damages = 404
• Figure 13-13 Frozen Sidewall Leaks Emanating from Ice-Blocked Eave = 406
• 13-7 Homeowner Confrontations with Roof-Snow Problems = 407
• Figure 13-14 Partial Roof-Snow Removals and Secondary Ice-Dams = 408
• Figure 13-15 Secondary Dam at Snow-Blanket Terminus at the Limit of Partial Snow-Removal Reach = 409
• Figure 13-16 Characteristic Zigzag Pattern of Limited Melting Zone of Eave Heat Tape = 410
• Figure 13-17 Secondary Ice-Dam Above Heat Zone of Electric Cable = 411
• Figure 13-18 Eave Flashings of Aluminum = 413
• 13-8 Why the Neglect of Ice-Dams? = 414
• Figure 13-19 U. S. Map Associating Sidewall Moisture Damage Susceptibility With Temperature = 417
• Figure 13-20 U. S. Weather Bureau Map Showing 6-to 8-in Mean Annual Total Snowfall = 418
• 13-9 Typical Roof-Snow Melting Actions = 419
• Figure 13-21 Schematic Representation of Roof-Snow Melting = 420
• 13-10 Roof-Snow Performances on Pre-30's Houses = 421
• Figure 13-22 Schematic Representation of Thermal Influences on Pre-30 House Roof-Snow Melting = 423
• 13-11 Roof-Snow Performances on Modern Houses = 423
• Figure 13-23 Schematic Representation of Thermal Influences on Modern House Roof-Snow Melting = 425
• Figure 13-24 Shrinking and Sagging Roof-Snow on a Modern Roof = 426
• 13-12 Roof-Snow Behavior on a Cold-Roof = 427
• Figure 13-25 Schematic Representation of Roof-Snow Melting Behavior on a Cold-Roof House = 428
• 13-13 Cold-Roof Performance in Warm Climates = 429
• 13-14 Unique Characteristics of Cold-Roof Snow Patterns = 429
• Figure 13-26 Residual Snow Pattern on a Cold-Roof House Specifically Designed for Ice-Dam Immunity = 430
• 13-15 Detection of Cold-Roof Efficiencies in Roof-Snow Patterns = 431
• Figure 13-27 Typical Post-Snowfall Pattern = 431
• Figure 13-28 "Old Heat Waster" After a Few Days = 431
• Figure 13-29 Modern House Roof after Several Days or Weeks = 432
• Figure 13-30 Cold-Roof House = 432
• 13-16 Eave-Ice Prevention Technology = 433
• Figure 13-31 The Plate-Gap = 440
• Figure 13-32 Sketch of Plate-Gap with "Air Passage Protector" = 441
• Figure 13-33 Worker Applying Air Passage Protector along Eaves = 442
• 13-17 Proven Cold-Roof Performers = 443
• Figure 13-34 Well-Insulated House Built in 1933 with Its Almost Annual Eave Ice-Dam = 443
• Figure 13-35 House in Fig. 13-24 after Modification into a Cold-Deck Performer = 444
• Figure 13-36 House Planned and Constructed for Cold-Roof Performance without the Double-roof Structure = 445
• References = 445
• Section 14. Graphic Standards and Symbols = 449
• Figure 14-1 Symbols for Ventilation and Air Conditioning = 450
• Figure 14-2 Standard Mechanical Symbols = 451
• Table 14-1 Mechanical Drawing Symbols = 453
• Figure 14-3 Welding Joints Standard Symbols = 454
• Table 14-2 Abbreviations of Organizations and Agencies = 455
• Table 14-3 General Abbreviations = 456
• Table 14-4 ASHRAE SI for HVAC and R Conversions = 462
• Table 14-5 Nomenclature = 465
• Section 15. Metric Data and Conversion = 467
• 15-1 Conversion Factors = 468
• Table 15-1 Derived Units of the International System = 469
• Table 15-2 Conversion Factors as Extracted Multiples of SI Units = 470
• Index = 483