KCI등재
영국사에 대한 새 전망 : 연구논문 ; 19세기 말 런던 부두의 고용 구조와 신조합의 성격 변화 = New Perspectives on British History : Articles ; The Employment Structure of the London Dock and the New Unionism in the Late Nineteenth Century
저자
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
2005
작성언어
-주제어
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924
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KCI등재
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학술저널
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Thanks to the surplus of labor forces, the London Dock could make most of its works fully dependent on manual labourers even till the late 19th century. For those labourers, employment security was always a critical issues. Especially dockers keenly competed with each other to be employed. As they made efforts for ensuring employment, dockers come to have their own internal characteristics which in turn were long kept among themselves. Conflicts and contradictions brought by such keen competition among dockers led to the London Dock Strike in 1889. The Dock Strike promoted the emergence of the New Unionism (hereinafter referred to as New Unions) which sought towards a General Union. Led by Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Laborers` Union of Great Britain and Ireland (hereinafter referred to as Dockers` Union), the New Unions extended its forces into many different industries, playing a critical role in organizing unskilled labourers. But the New Unions gave up its General Union policy since 1893, and almost returned to old unions it once criticized. So far, structures of docker employment have been just mentioned as a part of discussing poor conditions of dock work or recognized as one of conflicts between dockers and their employers that may lead to the Dock Strike by the dockers. Main issues of studies about the New Unions have been backgrounds behind which the union emerged and the significance of the organization in the history of labor movement. Previous discussions about the cause of the abandonment of General Union policy by the New Unions focused mainly on external changes of the late 19th century and the fluidity of casual labourers themselves. There`s another reason why the New Unions abandoned its General Union policy on a continuum that ran from the employment structure of dockers to their the Dock strike and to the emergence of New Unions. It should be noted that the New Unions gave up its General Union policy because of not only external, but also internal factors. The abandonment was not just a result from active measures by employers or coping with structural changes in the then British economy. Besides such measures or coping, there was another important reason of the abandonment. Dockers` Union was a major part of the New Unions. It may be no doubt that internal characteristics of the dockers affected changes in policies of the New Unions. Thus it is important to clarify how Dockers` Union affected the New Unions by investigating characteristics of dockers. In the late 19th century, timber and grain porters of the London dock were classified as skilled labourers who could exert their own vested rights in relation to employment. At that time, permanent labourers of the dock were relatively secure in employment. The London dock had a pre-modern employment structure under which jobs were transmitted or, otherwise, allocated by persons having rights to employ in their discretion. These contradictory job conditions provoked exclusive characteristics of dockers and further conflicts among them. Dissatisfied about such conditions, the dockers rallied Dock Strike, bringing changes to the dock itself. The Dock Strike brought all labourers of the dock to be united once. But the labourers were disrupted and conflicted with each other as they face problems such as increase in the number of casual labourers, unstable employment and poverty brought by British economic crisis since 1890. Under these circumstances, the leadership of Dockers` Union tried to keep the matter of employment security as one of their vested rights and take exclusive rights in relation to their specialized work, resulting in the abandonment of General Union policy by the New Unions. A major part of the New Unions was Dockers` Union whose internal characteristics undoubtedly played a critical role in changing policies of the old unions. Employment security is always a key concern to all labourers. Under various external changes in the late 19th cen
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