대학생 진로적응성 척도 개발

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Because of economic recession and instability of labour market around the world, unemployment crisis of educated individuals has been worse. Nevertheless, hight turnover rate of newly employed personnel indicates that graduates have difficulty being employed, further having hard time in adapting to their job after employment. As university is for transitional period from adolescent to early adults, career developmental tasks of undergraduates are to prepare for career decision making, school to work transition and work adjustment. Ultimately, career developmental tasks are to achieve life-span career success. Career adaptability is defined as “readiness and resources to cope with occupational developmental tasks, work transition and personal trauma." And it functions as “self-regulatory strategies to control personal vocational behaviors"(Savickas, 2005). But construct factor studies of career adaptability were focused on workers in the workplace. Yet their results differ from each other. In Korea, university students' career counseling and study mainly paid attention to career maturity related to career decision making, and there is no study to pay attention career adaptation after entering a job and long term career success
The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the career adaptability scale for the Korean university students based on Super's life-span, life-space approach. To accomplish this purpose, this study sets up the specific questions as follows:
First, to define career adaptability construct concept in Korean work environment. Second, to develop the career adaptability scale for the undergraduates. Third, to validate it.
In order to examine these questions, this study gathers data in the three stages; 1) open-ended questionnaire survey of 226 people( undergraduates, counselors, and currently employed over three years) for the definition of the concept; 2) structured questionnaire survey of 530 undergraduates for the preliminary research and 622 undergraduates for the main research from the universities and the whole country for the development of the career adaptability scale; 3) confirming convergent validity and criterion-related validity of the career adaptability scale.
Several statistical procedures are carried out. To define the concept of career adaptability, this study discusses the extant major works. Through the open-ended questionnaire, it refines the concept of career adaptability and its factors. Frequent analysis is employed to define the concept of career adaptability and draw its factors. To develop the career adaptability scale, exploratory factor analysis and confirmed factor analysis are carried out. And for the reliability test, item internal consistency coefficients and test-retest reliability are computed. For the external validation, convergent and criterion-related validity are also analyzed. Statistical analysis tools use SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 5.0 program.
The results of this study are as follows;
1. Career adaptability is ??an attitude and competence to adjust for changing work environment, work and job, interpersonal relation, and self.??
2. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, the construct of career adaptability comes to consist of 8 factors (responsibility, goal setting, creativity, interpersonal relationship, openness, proactivity, job competence, positive attitude). Each factor includes 4～8 items and the total is 45 items. The items reliability shows high internal consistency coefficients(=.78～.87). Also test-retest reliability with three week interval reveals appropriate internal consistency coefficients(=.54～.85). Total explained amount of exploratory factor analysis shows 57.66%, and 45 items identified through the confirmatory factor analysis with maximum likelihood estimate. CR, SMC(above .20) and standardized regression weight(above .50) of 8 factors reveal meaningful results. The results of cross-validity test demonstrate that the career adaptability scale is a valid instrument(x²/df=2.286, TLI=.909, CFI=.926, RMSEA=.061).
3. For external validation of the career adaptability scale, confirmed the convergent validity analysis, criterion-related validity. The convergent validity analyzed the correlation with the career identity scale, the ego-resilience scale and the career future inventory. The correlation of career identity, ego-resilience and career future scale and all factor of the career adaptability shows meaningful results. Criterion-related validity analysis used Korean transition guide questionnaire, GHQ, NGSE and grade. The correlation of criterion-related validity shows that career adaptability impacts on career transition adaptability, mental health, self-efficacy and a better grade.
Based on the results, some conclusions can be drawn; 1) the career adaptability construct consists of 8 factors; 2) the career adaptability scale in this study is a reliable and valid instrument; 3) there are positive relations between career adaptability and career identity, ego-resilience, career transition, mental health, self-efficacy and a better grade. Thus career adaptability can be considered as a valid predictor for career success.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

세계경제 불황과 고용시장의 불안정으로 고학력자 취업난이 점점 심해지고 있다. 그럼에도 신입사원 이직률이 높은 것은 대학졸업생이 취업뿐만 아니라 취업이후의 직업적응에도 어려움이 있음을 나타낸다. 대학생 시기는 청소년기에서 성인초기로 전환하는 시기이다. 이 시기의 발달과업은 진로결정과 학교-일 전환, 직업적응을 동시에 준비하는 것으로, 궁극적으로 전생애 진로성공을 성취하기 위한 것이다. 이와 관련하여 진로분야에서 관심이 높아지고 있는 개념이 ‘진로적응성(career adaptability)’이다. 진로적응성이란 “현재의 당면한 직업적 발달과업, 직업전환, 그리고 개인적 외상에 대처하는 자원과 준비도”로 정의되며, “개인의 직업행동을 조절하는 자기조절전략”으로 기능한다(Savickas, 2005). 그러나 진로적응성 구인 연구는 주로 직장내 근로자들을 중심으로 이루어져 왔으며, 연구자들 마다 매우 상이하게 나타나고 있다. 국내에서 대학생 진로상담과 연구는 주로 학생들의 진로결정과 관련된 진로성숙에 관심이 주어졌으며, 대학생의 졸업 후 직업적응과 장기적인 진로성공에 관심을 기울인 연구는 찾아보기 힘들다.
본 연구의 목적은 Super의 전생애주기-생애공간적 관점에서 대학생의 직업적응을 조력하기 위한 기초연구로서, 대학생 진로적응성 척도를 개발하고 타당화 하는 것이다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위한 하위 연구내용은 다음의 세 가지이다. 첫째, 우리나라 일 환경에서 적응성의 개념을 정립하고 하위구인을 탐색한다. 둘째, 예비조사와 본조사를 통해 대학생 진로적응성 척도를 개발한다. 셋째, 다양한 준거도구들을 사용하여 개발된 척도를 타당화 한다. 이러한 연구문제를 해결하기 위하여 다음의 세 단계 연구절차를 수행하였다.
첫째, 진로적응성의 구성개념을 정립하기 위하여 개방형설문 조사를 통해 참여자 응답에 대한 내용분석을 하였다. 그 결과 진로적응성 개념은 ‘변화하는 직업 환경, 일과 직무, 대인관계 및 자기 자신에게 적응하기 위한 태도와 능력’으로 정의되었으며, 이 정의에 기초하여 14개의 하위요인이 추출되었다. 추출된 하위요인의 개념정립을 위해 2차 개방설문과 집단면접을 통해 394개의 진술문을 도출하였다. 이 진술문에 대한 내용분류과정을 거쳐 164개의 문항을 구성하고, 문항수정과정을 거쳐 92문항으로 구성된 예비척도를 제작하였다.
둘째, 새롭게 정립된 진로적응성 구인으로 대학생 진로적응성 척도를 개발하기 위해 예비조사와 본조사를 실시하였다. 탐색적 요인분석을 통해 대학생 진로적응성 구성요인을 확인하였고, 확인적 요인분석을 통해 추출된 8요인 모형의 적합도를 평가하였다.
예비조사는 전국 주요도시 4년제 대학생 530명의 자료를 사용하였다. 평균과 표준편차, 신뢰도가 확인된 문항들로 주성분분석과 직교회전을 이용하여 요인분석을 실시한 결과 8요인 49문항이 선정되었다. 8개 하위구성요인은 대인관계, 목표의식, 창의성, 책임감, 직무능력, 긍정적태도, 주도성, 개방성이었다.
본조사는 전국 주요도시 4년제 대학생 622명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 이 과정에서 4문항이 제거되어 최종 8요인 45문항으로 구성된 대학생 진로적응성 척도를 개발하고 모형의 적합성을 평가하였다. 8개 하위요인은 전체 분산의 57.2%를 설명하였다. 하위구성요인 간 상관관계는 r=.20이상 .60이하로 적절한 관련성을 나타내었으며, 신뢰도 Cronbach =.75～.87, 검사-재검사 신뢰도 분석결과는 .54～.85로 나타났다.
개발된 대학생 진로적응성 척도의 교차타당도를 평가하기 위하여 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 x²/df=2.286, TLI=.909, CFI=.926, RMSEA=.061로써 적절한 기준을 충족하였다. 이로써 8요인으로 구성된 대학생 진로적응성 척도모형의 적절함이 확인되었다.
셋째, 개발된 대학생 진로적응성 척도를 타당화하기 위하여 수렴타당도와 준거관련타당도를 분석하였다. 수렴타당도 분석도구로는 자아탄력성척도, 진로정체감척도, 진로미래검사를 준거로 이용하였다. 먼저 진로적응성 척도와 자아탄력성 척도는 모든 요인들에서 유의한 상관이 있었으며, 진로적응성의 개방성(r=.52), 긍정적태도(r=.51), 대인관계 및 주도성(r=.48)과 같은 요인들이 자아탄력성과 높은 상관을 나타냈다. 진로적응성과 진로정체감 척도의 상관관계는 목표의식(r=.46), 직무내용(r=.42)이 비교적 높았고, 대인관계와 개방성은 진로정체감과는 상관이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 진로미래검사의 하위요인으로서의 진로관련적응성은 본연구의 진로적응성 척도와 r=.67의 높은 상관을 나타냈다. 이와 같이 진로적응성과 유사한 개념을 측정하는 척도들과의 상관관계가 입증됨으로써, 대학생 진로적응성 척도의 문항내용이 타당함을 확인하였다.
개발된 대학생 진로적응성 척도의 두 번째 타당화는 준거관련타당화이다. 준거로는 대학생활의 중요한 적응지표로 간주되는 진로전환, 정신건강, 자기효능감, 성적과의 관련성이었다. 대학생 진로적응성 척도는 진로전환(r=.65), 정신건강(r=.44), 자기효능감(r=.70)과 상관관계가 유의하게 높았고, 성적(r=.25)과는 약간의 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이로써 대학생 진로적응성 척도는 대학생의 진로전환과 직업적응의 개인차를 밝혀주는 타당한 도구가 될 수 있는 것으로 확인되었다.
이상과 같은 연구결과를 토대로 한 이 연구의 의의와 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 본 연구는 Super의 전생애주기-생애공간 접근을 바탕으로 우리나라에서 성인 진로적응성 연구를 처음으로 시도하였다는 점이다. 이후 성인 진로적응성과 관련한 활발한 후속연구가 가능할 것이다.
둘째, 본 연구는 학교와 직업현장 간의 적응성 요인에 대한 공통점과 차이점을 확인하였다. 대학생, 상담자, 기업체담당자들의 설문내용을 비교분석 함으로써, 학교와 직업현장간의 불일치적인 요소를 밝히고 추후 고려해야 할 점을 확인한 것이다.
셋째, 진로적응성 척도의 개발을 통해 대학생의 직업적 행동에 대한 자기조절기능을 하는 구체적인 하위요인을 확인함으로써, 향후 대학생의 적응성 수준을 파악하고, 수준에 맞는 차별적인 진로서비스를 제공할 수 있는 토대를 마련하였다. 이러한 점에서 본연구가 대학생 진로지도의 새로운 방향성을 제시하였다고 생각된다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1
• 2. 연구 문제 5
• 3. 용어 정의 6
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 7
• 1. 일 환경의 변화 7
• 2. Super의 전생애주기-생애공간 접근 16
• 3. 진로전환 18
• 4. 취업능력 22
• 5. 진로적응성 28
• Ⅲ. [연구 1] 진로적응성 구성개념 정립 54
• 1. 연구 방법 55
• 2. 연구 결과 57
• Ⅳ. [연구 2] 대학생 진로적응성 척도 개발 64
• 1. 대학생 진로적응성 척도 개발 예비 연구 64
• 2. 대학생 진로적응성 척도 개발 본 연구 70
• Ⅴ. [연구 3] 대학생 진로적응성 척도의 타당화 85
• 1. 연구 방법 85
• 2. 연구 결과 89
• Ⅵ. 논의 95
• Ⅶ. 결론 및 제언 106
• 참고문헌 112
• 부록 130
• Abstract 141

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