한ㆍ일 모더니즘 소설의 비교연구(1) : 新感覺派와 요코미쓰 리이치의 소설 New Sensitivity Group and Yokomitsu Ri-ichi = Comperative Study on Korean and Japanese Modernism Novels(1)
저자
강인숙 (건국대학교 문과대학 국어국문학과)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1995
작성언어
Korean
KDC
809.000
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
27-52(26쪽)
제공처
소장기관
1.Japanese modernism and 'New Sensitivity Group'
Comparative study on Korean and Japanese Modernism, I want to study Japan first, because they started about ten years ahead of Korea, so there must be influences from Japan to Korea along with European modernism.
Japanese modernism was influenced from Europe, and they called the first modernist group 'New Sensitivity Group'. When their magazine Literary Era appeared with the novel of Yokomitsu Ri-ichi's "The Head and the Belly," Chiba Kameo called them "New Sensitivity Group," and the group members accepted it.
In Japan, there is four groups of modernism.
1) New Sensitivity Group
2) New Artist Group
3) New psychologist group
4) Intellectualist group
Among these (1) was dominant and Yokomitsu was the leader of this group. That's why, I study Yokomitsu and 'New Sensitivity Group' first.
The period of 'New Sensitivity Group' was generally from october 1924 to may 1927. which was the term of their magazing Literary Era. But, Japanese extend it from 1923 to 1930, because, in Yokomitsu's case, the characteristic trait of the 'New Sensitivity Group' appears from the novel "The Aureole of the sun"(1923), and ends "Shanghai"(1929) and "Machine"(1930).
2.The technique of 'New Sensitivity Group' in Yokomitsu's case
1) Anti-private novel
(1) Puppet theory
The unique feature of Japanese novel is the tradition of private novel. They suppose it as major genre among the novels. When they imported naturalism, Japanese writers misunderstood 'truth' as "fact, and rejected fictionality. They thought writers have to write with the materials they have experienced directly. From the Meiji era to Daisho, the tradition of private novel reigned in Japan.
Yokomitsu opposed it. He declared "We would like to creak puppet. And he begins to write with materials remote from his personal experience. "The Aureole of the Sun" and "The Quiet Pararellel" from antiquity, "Napoleon and the Worm" from alien county. Only "Spring Comes Through the Chariot" and "Speculation of Flowery Garden" were exceptional case which based on his own experience.
(2) External point of view and complex point of view
Yokomitsu was externalized the point of view of narrators. During the period of Literary Era, he usually used the third person pointy of view like realist in Europe. But, he also used double point of view, and in "The Machine"(1930), he invented a term "fourth person point of view," These complex point of views were not only external, internality included it.
2) Anti-realign
(1) temporal background
Yokomitsu also rejected realign of traditional novel. It begins from temporal background. In "The Aureole of the sun" and "The Quiet Pararellel," he went back to the antiquity. "Napoleon and the Worm" was also deals with past. It oppose realist's 'presentday fromula.'
(2) Space
There is also distance from reality in space. The settings of "Napoleon and the Worm" and "Shang-hoi" were alien land. "The Aureole of the Sun" also distant place from author's reality even though it is domestic splace. The setting of "The Head and the Belly" and "The Fly" are transit space which realist avoided. Japanese naturalist limited thier setting 'inside of residence.' The two novel based upon writer's experience also not suitable for realistic novel, because it is an isolated sanatorium or villa there is no everyday life in it. The setting of Yokomitsu's above mentioned novels were anti-realistic, except "The Machine."
We have to consider about the urbanism here, because, New Sensitivity Group insist their literature was urbane. But, in Yokomitsu, there is almost no urban setting execpt "The Machine" and "Shanghai", the other novel's setting are rural place or suburbus of the city, so it can't be consider as an urban literature in strict stance.
(3) Against the causality of plot
Begining paragraph of "The Head and the Belly" was very famous in Japan. "The express train ignored small stations as if it is a stone." But it hasn't relation with next paragraph.
1) A boy singing aloud in the train.
2) Suddenly the train stopped
3) Waiting or changing the train was passengers choice
4) A man with big belly lined leaving group, other passengers followed him except the boy.
5) The train started again with the boy and his song.
Between these events, there is no causal relationship at all. Yokomitsu depicted all these events like the painter sketches scenery without explanation. Speed of the train, head of the boy, belly of the man were all isolated and apart,
(4) New sensitivity in his style
"I had a period of desperate struggle against our national language" once Yokomitsu said. It was the periode of his New Sensitivity Group. He had rejected old realistic style, and eagerly wanted new one.
That's the archaic style of "The Aureole of the sun." He hat continue the experiment on style, which avoided spoken language and prefered written one. Short sentence, strange metaphor, visual imagery, repetition, physical metaphor and ananlogy, personifications were his stylistic trait until "Shanghai"
New, strange styles were the most dominant trait of New Sensitivity Group.
But, he had changed his style since "The Machine". For express the deep inside of human psychology, he used long, insessant paragraph.
3.The modernism of Yokomitsu Ri-ichi
The characteristic feature of modernistic novel in general is anti-realism, It appeaers 1) adoption of Freudian formula, 2) subjective time, 3) descontinuity of plot, 4) deformation of genre, etc.
Yokomitsu Ri-ichi's case, 1) and 3) was similar in some degree. And the experimental side of new style also distinct. With this anti-realistic techenique, we may call him modernist. There is similarity with modernism on the complex point of view too.
But, anti-private novel is not modernistic. Above all, the externalization of point of view and puppet theory are not suitable for modernism.
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