자기비난 체험과정에 대한 현상학 연구 = The Process of Self-Criticism: A Phenomenological Study

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The present study explored self-critical experience(e.g. when, what, how, why) of individuals with high levels of self-criticism. Participants included seven individuals with high scores on the K-FSCRS(Korean version of the Forms of Self-Criticizing/Attacking & Self-Reassuring Scale). Participants were interviewed about a self-critical experience based on five open-ended questions. In-depth interviews were conducted twice to meet the standards of adequacy for qualitative research. The results were analyzed using phenomenological methods. Meaningful categories and sub-categories emerged through phenomenological reduction based on the subject of the study. The researchers read raw data repeatedly to avoid bias associated with researchers’ perception of self-criticism and used the hermeneutic circle methodology. Analysis of the process of self-criticism resulted in 12 categories. The limitations of the study and implications of the results are discussed.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 자기비난 체험과정을 심층적으로 이해하고자 질적 연구를 수행하였다. 먼저, 자기비난에 관한 선행연구를 검토하여 자기비난 체험과정에 대한 연구문제를 설정했다. 연구 대상자는 온라인 및 오프라인 공고문과 QR 코드를 통해 모집하였다. 이들 가운데 K-FSCRS에서 자기비난 점수가 높은 대학생 7명을 최종 연구 참여자로 선정하였다. 연구 대상자들은 총 2차례에 걸쳐서 반구조화된 심층면담에 참여하였고, 1주일간 자기비난 경험 기록지를 작성하였다. 이들의 자료를 전사한 후, 현상학 연구방법을 활용하여 분석하였다. 구체적으로 연구문제, 자료수집, 분석과정에서 본질직관, 반성과 자유변경, 상호주관적 환원, 해석학적 순환과 같은 현상학적 연구방법을 사용했다. 분석결과, 자기비난 체험과정은 6가지의 구성요소, 12가지의 하위구성요소, 그리고 125개의 의미단위로 도출되었다. 이를 통해 자기비난의 체험과정은 자기비난을 일으키는 촉발동기, 자기비난 과정(방식/지속성), 자기비난의 소멸로 이어지며 이러한 체험과정의 배경에는 사회문화적 맥락, 가족맥락, 또래맥락이 존재하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로, 향후 자기비난과 관련한 정신병리 연구 및 개입연구에 대한 시사점을 논의하였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 이남인, "현상학과 질적연구" 한길사 2016
• 2 이남인, "현상학과 질적연구" 2017
• 3 조현주, "한국판 자기비판/자기공격과 자기위안 형태척도의 신뢰도와 타당도 연구" 한국인지행동치료학회 11 (11): 137-154, 2011
• 4 도승이, "질적연구 개관과 질적 자료수집" 2017
• 5 Gilbert, P., "자비중심치료" 학지사 2014
• 6 Kealy, D., "Veiled and vulnerable: The other side of grandiose narcissism" 40 (40): 356-365, 2012
• 7 Beck, A. T., "Thinking and depression: Theory and therapy" 10 : 561-571, 1964
• 8 Schanche, E., "The transdiagnostic phenomenon of self-criticism" 50 (50): 316-321, 2013
• 9 Kolubinski, D. C., "The metacognitions about self-critical rumination questionnaire" 220 : 129-138, 2017
• 10 Werner, A. M., "The clinical trait self- criticism and its relation to psychopathology: A systematic review-Update" 246 (246): 530-547, 2019
• 11 Thompson, R., "The Levels of Self-Criticism Scale: comparative self-criticism and internalized self-criticism" 36 (36): 419-430, 2004
• 12 Rose, A. V., "Self‐criticism self‐report measures: Systematic review" 91 (91): 450-489, 2018
• 13 Fennig, S., "Self‐criticism is a key predictor of eating disorder dimensions among inpatient adolescent females" 41 (41): 762-765, 2008
• 14 Campos, R. C., "Self-criticism, intensity of perceived negative life events, and distress: Results from a two-wave study" 124 : 145-149, 2018
• 15 Brewin, C. R., "Self-criticism in adulthood and recalled childhood experience" 101 (101): 561-566, 1992
• 16 Driscoll, R., "Self-condemnation: A comprehensive framework for assessment and treatment" 26 (26): 104-111, 1989
• 17 Iancu, I., "Self esteem, dependency, self-efficacy and self-criticism in social anxiety disorder" 58 : 165-171, 2015
• 18 Verplanken, B., "Mental habits: Metacognitive reflection on negative self-thinking" 92 (92): 526-541, 2007
• 19 Blatt, S. J., "Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression" 29 (29): 107-157, 1974
• 20 Kamholz, B. W., "Identification and evaluation of cognitive affect-regulation strategies: Development of a self-report measure" 30 (30): 227-262, 2006
• 21 Gilbert, P., "Genes on the couch" Routledge 128-160, 2000
• 22 Baião, R., "Forms of self‐criticising/attacking & self‐reassuring scale: Psychometric properties and normative study" 88 (88): 438-452, 2015
• 23 Gilbert, P., "Evolutionary theory and cognitive therapy" Springer 2004
• 24 Shahar, G., "Erosion. The psychopathology of Self-Criticism" Oxford. University Press 2015
• 25 Teasdale, J. D., "Dysphoria: self-devaluative and affective components in recovered depressed patients and never depressed controls" 31 (31): 1311-1316, 2001
• 26 Gilbert, P., "Depression: The evolution of powerlessness" Routledge 2017
• 27 Desmet, M., "Dependency, self-criticism, and the symptom specificity hypothesis in a depressed clinical sample" 34 (34): 1017-1026, 2006
• 28 Luyten, P., "Dependency and self‐criticism: relationship with major depressive disorder, severity of depression, and clinical presentation" 24 (24): 586-596, 2007
• 29 Gilbert, P., "Criticizing and reassuring oneself: an exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students" 43 (43): 31-50, 2004
• 30 Gilbert, P., "Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self‐criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach" 13 (13): 353-379, 2006
• 31 Garnefski, N., "Cognitive coping strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A comparison between adolescents and adults" 25 (25): 603-611, 2002
• 32 Shahar, B., "Childhood maltreatment, shame‐proneness and self‐criticism in social anxiety disorder: A sequential mediational model" 22 (22): 570-579, 2015
• 33 Hayes, S. C., "Acceptance and commitment therapy" American Psychological Association 2009
• 34 Shahar, B., "A wait‐list randomized controlled trial of loving‐kindness meditation programme for self‐criticism" 22 (22): 346-356, 2015
• 35 Kannan, D., "A review of client self-criticism in psychotherapy" 23 (23): 166-178, 2013