느부갓네살 황제 짐승 변형 기사의 문학적 인유 분석 : 제국주의에 대한 묵시적 비평으로서 하나님 나라 종말 신학 = Analysis of Literary Allusions in the Narrative of Nebuchadnezzar’s Bestial Transfiguration : Eschatological Theology of God’s Kingdom as Apocalyptic Critique of Imperialism

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 느부갓네살 황제의 변형 사건을 분석하되, 바벨론 제국주의에 대한 다니엘 4장의 묵시 신학적 풍자 및 그 풍자의 효과를 극대화 한 저자의 문학적 인유 기법에 관심을 천착한다. 그럼으로써 논자는 다니엘서의 종말론적 하나님 나라 사상이, 통치 권력을 그릇되게 욕망하는 인간 제국주의에 대한 묵시 신학적 비평임을 주장한다. 이 사실은 창세기 바벨 기사(10-11장)의 주제와 소재가 다니엘 4장의 새로운 문맥 속에서 문학적 인유를 통해 고대 이스라엘의 독자/청중에 의해 활성화 되는 현상을 조사함으로써 증명된다. 다니엘 4장의 저자는 창세기 11장을 인유할 때, 초월 세계를 향한 인간의 상승과 인간 세계를 향한 신의 강하라는 플롯 구조를 주요 신호로 사용한다. 공유된 이 플롯을 통해 인간 대적들에 대한 하나님의 지속적인 통제력을 입증하는 창세기 바벨 본문의 주제가 다니엘 4장에서 활성화된다. 보조 인유 신호들은 주요 인유 신호를 다양하게 강화한다. 다니엘 4장에서 위대한 바벨론의 건설자로 묘사된 느부갓네살은 창세기 11장이 보여주는 그의 오래전 선배들인 바벨의 건축자들을 환기시킨다. 땅의 중앙에서 하늘까지 닿도록 자라는 거대한 나무 느부갓네살은 창세기의 건축자들이 추구한 탑 이미지를 갖고 있다. 특히, 다니엘 4장의 문학적 인유는 바벨을 인류의 분산 정착 과정의 중심으로 간주하는 고대 이스라엘의 집단적 기억을 독자에게 활성화 한다. 이 기억은 외국 군왕들의 지배를 받는 시대를 극복해야 했던 유대인들의 역사적 인식을 반영한다. 바벨론 제국으로 끌려간 유대인 포로들은 바벨론을 인류의 전 세계적 결속의 중심으로 삼으려는 느부갓네살의 의지를 발견한 것이다. 다니엘서 저자가 보기에 느부갓네살은 바벨의 옛 건축자들이 결코 극복할 수 없었던 무한한 공간, 곧 땅에서 하늘에 이르는 공간까지 자기의 정치권력을 확장한 인간 제국의 통치자다. 그가 침투한 하늘 공간은 하늘의 하나님이 그의 언약 백성과 교제하는 공간인 예루살렘 성전이다. 이 사실은 다니엘서 전반에 걸친 내적 인유를 활성화하면 더 확실해 진다. 4장에서 하늘로 올라간 거대 나무 느부갓네살은 8장에서 하늘로 올라가 별들을 떨어뜨린 작은 뿔 안티오쿠스와 연결되며, 12장에서 이 별들은 다시 하늘로 올라가 불멸의 광휘를 얻을 신실한 성도들의 묵시적 미래를 보여준다. 이러한 미래관은 하늘의 절대 군주 창조주께서 인간 제국의 역사를 통제하시며, 마침내 인자와 같은 이를 통해 완전히 멸하시고, 그의 영원한 나라를 세우시겠다는 묵시적 종말론으로 절정에 도달한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this essay the account of Nebuchadnezzar’s transfiguration in Daniel 4 is analyzed in light of literary allusion, with a focus on the theological satire on the Babylonian Empire as well as Daniel’s intention for maximizing the satirical effect on it. Its major concern is with the investigation of the ways in which eschatological vision of the Divine Empire functions as an apocalyptic criticism of humankind’s abuse of the divinely given dominium. This point discovers a fine expression as Daniel 4 activates themes of the Genesis Babel story. The main sign of allusion is the plot-structure that is shared between Daniel 4 and Gen 11:1-9 to constitute a large intertextual pattern: the human going-up to the transcendent versus the divine going-down to the mundane. Through this common plot the theme of the Genesis Babel story is introduced to and intensified in Daniel 4―the theme that proves God’s continuous victory over humankind’s rebellion against God’s absolute domination. Supplemental signs of allusion reinforce the point that Daniel 4 makes in interaction with the narrative in Genesis 11. Nebuchadnezzar the builder of the great Babylon evokes architects of the city Babel of old. The gigantic tree symbolic of the tyrant is also reminiscent of the lofty tower.
Most importantly, literary allusions in Daniel 4 to Genesis 11 re-activates ancient Israel’s collective memory of Babel as the center of the dispersion of humankind after the Flood. According to the author’s depiction of Nebuchadnezzar, his political magnificence expands from the middle of the earth unto the heaven, while embodying human transcendence of the indefinite distance from the mundane to the celestial―the distance that earlier thwarted the attempt of the architects at the primordial Babel. The celestial domain that Nebuchadnezzar invades turns out to be the sacred space of the Jerusalem temple, where the presence of the Most High resides together with the covenanted people of Israel. Similarly, the ascending tree whose top touches the heaven resembles the growing horn that hurls some of the heavenly host(stars). Those stars are faithful people of God adherent to Torah at the time of Antiochus IV. In the end of time they rise up back to their original place to shine forever. This is the apocalyptical future of the loyal saints in their blissful immortality. This vision of Daniel reaches the climax by the apocalyptical eschatology in which the celestial sovereign will ultimately annihilate the course of history of human imperialism. The One like a son of man, the divine Messiah king, will establish and reign the eternal empire of God.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 김대웅, "다니엘서 인자 같은 이의 정체성*" 한국복음주의신학회 90 : 1-27, 2019
• 2 정규남, "다니엘 7장에 있어서의 ‘인자’" 2 : 77-90, 1984
• 3 김대웅, "니므롯의 바벨탑과 느부갓네살의 금신상: 다니엘 3장의 창세기 바벨 기사 인유" 한국개혁신학회 45 : 179-205, 2015
• 4 Colson, F. H., "hilo: with an English Translation. Vol. 4" William Heinemann LTD 1932
• 5 Henze, Matthias, "With Wisdom as a Robe: Qumran and Other Jewish Studies in Honor of Ida Fröhlich" Sheffield Phoenix Press 108-120, 2009
• 6 Gowan, Donald E., "When Man Becomes God: Humanism and Hybris in the Old Testament" The Pickwick Press 1975
• 7 Hollander, John, "Vision and Resonance: Two Senses of Poetic Form" Yale University Press 1985
• 8 Howard-Brook, Wes, "Unveiling Empire: Reading Revelation Then and Now" Orbis Books 1999
• 9 Metzger, Martin, "Unsere Welt-Gottes Schöpfung: Eberhard Wölfel zum 65 Geburtstag am 16 April 1992" N. G. Elwert Verlag 1-34, 1992
• 10 Goldsmith, Steven, "Unbuilding Jerusalem: Apocalypse and Romantic Representation" Cornell University Press 1993
• 11 Kugel, James, "Traditions of the Bible: A Guide to the Bible As it Was at the Start of the Common Era" Harvard University Press 1997
• 12 Hrushovski, Benjamin, "Theory of the Literary Text and the Structure of Non-Narrative Fiction: In the First Episode of War and Peace" 9 (9): 636-666, 1988
• 13 Ben-Porat, Ziva, "The Poetics of Literary Allusion" 1 : 105-128, 1976
• 14 Towner, W. Sibley, "The Poetic Passages of Daniel 1-6" 31 (31): 317-326, 1969
• 15 Sperber, Alexander, "The Pentateuch according to Targum Onkelos, Vol. 1 of Bible in Aramaic, Based on Old Manuscripts and Printed Texts" Brill 1959
• 16 Miner, Earl, "The New Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms" Princeton University Press 1994
• 17 Braude, William G, "The Midrash on Psalms Vol. I" Yale University Press 1959
• 18 Henze, Matthias, "The Madness of King Nebuchadnezzar: The Ancient Near Eastern Origins and Early History of Interpretation of Daniel 4" Brill 1999
• 19 Wills, Lawrence M, "The Jew in the Court of the Foreign King: Ancient Jewish Court Legends" Fortress Press 1990
• 20 Pucci, Joseph, "The Full Knowing Reader: Allusion and the Power of the Reader in the Western Literary Tradition" Yale University Press 1998
• 21 Hollander, John, "The Figure of Echo: A Mode of Allusion in Milton and After" University of California Press 1981
• 22 Patterson, Stephen J., "The End of Apocalypse: Rethinking the Eschatological Jesus" 52 : 29-48, 1995
• 23 Clifford, Richard J., "The Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism Vol. I" Continuum 3-38, 1998
• 24 Fewell, Danna Nolan, "The Children of Israel: Reading the Bible for the Sake of Our Chil dren" Abingdon Press 2003
• 25 Koch, Klaus, "The Book of Daniel: In the Light of New Findings" Leuven University Press 77-119, 1993
• 26 Doukhan, Jacques B., "The Book of Daniel: In the Light of New Findings" Leuven University Press 285-292, 1993
• 27 Flint, Peter W, "The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception Vol. II" Brill 327-367, 2001
• 28 Lacocque, André, "The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception Vol. 1" Brill 114-131, 2001
• 29 Montgomery, James A, "The Book of Daniel" T. & T. Clark 1927
• 30 Lacocque, André, "The Book of Daniel" John Knox Press 1979
• 31 Buchanan, George W, "The Book of Daniel" The Edwin Mellen Press 1999
• 32 Hartman, Louis F., "The Bible in Current Catholic Thought" Herder and Herder 1962
• 33 Parpola, Simo, "The Assyrian Tree of Life: Tracing the Origins of Jewish Monotheism and Greek Philosophy" 52 (52): 161-208, 1993
• 34 Clarke, Ernest G., "Targum Pseudo-Jonathan of the Pentateuch: Text and Concordance" Ktav Publishing House 1984
• 35 Merino, Luis Díez, "Simposio Biblico Español: Salamanca, 1982" Universidad Complutense 575-605, 1984
• 36 Horsley, Richard A, "Scribes, Visionaries, and the Politics of Second Temple Judea" Westminster John Knox Press 2007
• 37 Hrushovski, Benjamin, "Russian Poetics: Proceedings of the International Colloquium at UCLA, September 22-26, 1975" Slavica Publishers Inc. 117-146, 1983
• 38 Kvanvig, Helge S., "Roots of Apocalyptic: The Mesopotamian Background of the Enoch Figure and the Son of Man" Neukirchener Verlag 1988
• 39 Horsley, Richard A., "Revolt of the Scribes: Resistance and Apocalyptic Origins" Fortress Press 2010
• 40 Leeuw, G. van der, "Religion in Essence and Manifestation" George Allen & Unwin LTD 1938
• 41 Beal, Timothy K, "Religion and Its Monsters" Routledge 2002
• 42 Collins, J. J, "Qumran Cave 4, XVII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 3" Clarendon Press 83-94, 1996
• 43 Weisman, Ze’ev, "Political Satire in the Bible. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998; rev. and trans. from idem, סטירה פוליטית במקרא" Mosad Byalik 1996
• 44 Eliade, Mircea, "Patterns in Comparative Religion" Sheed & Ward 1958
• 45 Mints, Alan, "On the Tel Aviv School of Poetics" 4 (4): 215-235, 1984
• 46 Perri, Carmela, "On Alluding" 7 (7): 289-307, 1978
• 47 Macho, Alejandro Díez, "Neophyti 1: Targum Palestinense MS de la Biblioteca Vaticana Tomo I Génesis" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 1968
• 48 Di Lella, Alexander A., "Mélanges bibliques et orientaux en l’honneur de M Henri Cazelles. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 212" Butzon & Bercker 247-258, 1981
• 49 Salomon, Buber, "Midrash Tehilim" H. Vagshal 1976
• 50 Porter, Paul A., "Metaphors and Monsters: A Literary-Critical Study of Daniel 7 and 8" Reproduction House 1985
• 51 Delcor, Mathias, "Le Livre de Daniel" J. Gabalda et Cie Éditeurs 1971
• 52 Cook, Stephen L, "Knowing the End from the Beginning: The Prophetic, the Apocalyptic and their Relationships" T & T Clark International 97-103, 2003
• 53 Bellis, Alice Ogden, "Knowing the End from the Beginning: The Prophetic, the Apocalyptic and their Relationships" T & T Clark International 65-73, 2003
• 54 Viglionese, Paschal C, "Internal Allusion and Symmetry at the Mid-Point of Dante’s Commedia" 63 (63): 237-249, 1986
• 55 Eggler, Jürg, "Influences and Traditions Underlying the Vision of Daniel 7" University Press Fribourg Switzerland 2-14, 2000
• 56 Yamauchi, Edwin M, "Hermeneutical Issues in the Book of Daniel" 23 (23): 13-21, 1980
• 57 Wilson, Robert R, "God who Creates: Essays in Honor of W. Sibley Towner" Wm B. Eerdmans 190-203, 2000
• 58 Marcus, David, "From Balaam to Jonah: Anti-Prophetic Satire in the Hebrew Bible" Scholars Press 1995
• 59 Metzger, Martin, "Ernten, was man sät: Festschrift für Klaus Koch zu seinem 65 Geburtstag" Neukirchener Verlag 197-229, 1991
• 60 Davila, James R, "Enoch and Qum ran Origin: New Light on a Forgotten Connection" Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing Co 33-38, 2005
• 61 Moore, Stephen D., "Empires and Apocalypse: Postcolonialism and the New Testament" Sheffield Phoenix Press 2006
• 62 Baltzer, Klaus, "Die Väter Israels: Beiträge zur Theologie der Patriarchenüberlieferungen im Alten Testament" Verlag Katholisches Bibelwerk 11-16, 1989
• 63 Volz, Paul, "Die Eschatologie der jüdischen Gemeinde im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter: nach den Quellen der rabbinischen, apokalyptischen und apokryphen Literatur" J.C.B. Mohr 1934
• 64 Hartman Louis F, "Di Lella. Daniel" Doubleday 1978
• 65 Collins, J. J., "Daniel: A Commentary on the Book of Daniel" Fortress Press 1993
• 66 Moore, G. F, "Daniel viii 9-14" 15 : 193-197, 1896
• 67 Lester, G. Brooke, "Daniel Evokes Isaiah: The Rule of the Nations in Apocalyptic Allusion-Narrative" Princeton Theological Seminary 2006
• 68 Miller, Stephen. R., "Daniel" Broadman & Holman 1994
• 69 Bentzen, Aage, "Daniel" Verlag von J. C. B. Mohr 1952
• 70 Seow, C. L, "Daniel" Westminster John Knox Press 2003
• 71 Steinmann, Andrew E, "Daniel" Concordia Publishing House 2008
• 72 Haag, Ernst, "Daniel" Echter Verlag 1993
• 73 Gunkel, Herman, "Creation and Chaos in the Primeval Era and the Eschaton:A Religio-Historical Study of Genesis 1 and Revelation 12" Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co 2006
• 74 Fewell, Danna Nolan, "Circles of Sovereignty: Plotting Politics in the Book of Daniel" Abingdon Press 1991
• 75 Langdon, Stephen, "Building Inscriptions of the Neo-Babylonian Empire: Part I Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar" Ernest Leroux 1905
• 76 Calvin, John, "Book of the Prophet Daniel Vol. 1" Calvin Translation Society 1853
• 77 Kim, Daewoong, "Biblical Interpretation in the Book of Daniel" Rice University 2013
• 78 Pippin, Tina, "Apocalyptic Bodies: The Biblical Image of the End of the World in Text and Image" Routledge 1999
• 79 Portier-Young, Anathea, "Apocalypse against Empire: Theologies of Resistance in Early Judaism" Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co 2011
• 80 Ben-Porat, Ziva, "A Semiotic Landscape: Proceedings of the First Congress of the International Association for Semiotic Studies" Mouton 1979
• 81 Sommer, Benjamin, "A Prophet reads Scripture: Allusion in Isaiah 40-66" Stanford University Press 1998
• 82 Charles, R. H., "A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel" Clarendon Press 1929
• 83 Cassuto, Umberto, "A Commentary on the Book of Genesis: Part II from Noah to Abraham" Magnes Press 1964