칼빈의 성경해석에 나타난 항존직 이해 - 목사 직분을 중심으로 - = Understanding of the Permanent Offices shown in the Biblical Commentaries of John Calvin - Focusing on the Office of Pastors -

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

From the beginning of the Reformation in the sixteenth century, many Protestant churches and their leaders recognized the need to make their own ecclesiastical ordinances based upon their own contexts and their understanding of the Christian Scripture. John Calvin, the Genevan Reformer, made the Ecclesiastical Ordinances for the settlement of the church of Geneva based on distinguishing four offices of pastors, doctors, elders, and deacons. It became one of the major principles in the most reformed and presbyterian churches. So we cannot ignore the importance of four permanent offices.
Calvin had clear thoughts on the distinction of offices in the church at the beginning of his ministry. It is shown in his Commentary on Romans(1540). His distinction of offices is deeply related to sharing gifts shown in his Commentary on 1 Corinthians(1546) People have a tendency to embrace too many responsibilities that exceed their ability. Calvin divided the leadership of the church into the four offices as pastors, elders, doctors and deacons disputing this tendency. He pointed out each person must take care of some portion of God’s work because each person received a certain measure of gifts. For this reason, he argued that a special call from God is necessary for the church offices.
Calvin ascribed ecclesiastical power to pastors in his first edition of Institutes of Christian Religion(1536) because he defined the ecclesiastical power as the ministry of God’s Word. He clearly stated that the authority and dignity of pastors are given to the ministry to which pastors have been appointed and also to the Word of God whose ministry is entrusted to it. Calvin consistently stressed preaching as the most important duty of pastors, but he showed his new concern on nurturing and caring for people in his later commentaries.
Doctors, elders, and deacons performed different works from pastors because their gifts were different from pastors. The office of doctors has a special duty to solve the doctrinal controversy and conserve sound doctrine in the church. The office of elders has a duty to solve the moral problem along with pastors. The duty of the office of deacons is to provide social welfare the sick, poor, and helpless in the church of Geneva.
Calvin, the officeholder is a kind of channel for transmitting the grace of God. Though pastors have a dominant authority which emerges from the authority of the Word of God they are like any other member who shares their gifts with the church.

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