티무르조의 군주 알현 의식과 그 변화 = Court Ritual of Timurid and its Transition

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article examines the definition, origin and transitions of the court rituals in the Persian-Islamic world. “Kissing the Ground(Zamīnbūs),” “Scattering Coins (Nithār),” “Bestowing Robes of Honour(Khila’),” “Present or Tribute(Pishkash)” are the old court rituals in Persian-Islamic world. The origin of those rituals are different from each other. For example, “Kissing the Ground” comes from Assyrian Empire of Mesopotamia, “Scattering Coins” from Indo-Persian ancient culture, “Robes of Honour” from all around the Middle East. But these different rituals, altogether started to form a set of court protocols at least early in the 11th century in the court of the Ghaznavid dynasty. And according to the Persian sources, it seemed to have lasted until the Qajar dynasty in 19th century.
But according to the non-Persian sources such as autobiography of Mongol-Turkic rulers, traveler’s note of Spanish and Chinese embassies, we can find some other court rituals that are different from those written in Persian. Non-Persian writings described some different court rituals, especially Kowtow. It is originated from Mongols steppe, and spreaded out in Central Asia and further during the Mongol empire. Thus, two different traditions of court rituals seemed to have coincides in the Timurid court, but actually Mongol rituals prevailed over the Persian-Islamic rituals though it remained in collateral rituals such as banquet rituals.
Mongol rituals remained even after the fall of Timurid empire, so during the Safavid and Qajar dynasties there are several influences of Mongol rituals in their court rituals. However, these Mongol ritual later mingled with previous Persian-Islamic ones and formed a different forms of court protocols.
This article also examines that the descriptions of several court rituals written in historical materials can be different from each other depending on the writer's cultural background. When Persian historians of the Timurid empire described the court rituals, they usually wrote similar to what their predecessor had written. It is their custom of historical presentation. It is likely to be the same for Mongol-Turkic historians, but descriptions of their rituals are similar to that of foreign observers like envoys and travelers. Thus, this analysis also provides insight on evaluating the reliability of the source.

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