내러티브 기반의 집단 언어중재 프로그램이 일대일 및 발표 상황에서 청각장애 아동의 경험 이야기 산출 능력에 미치는 효과 = Effects of Narrative-Based Group Language Intervention on Spoken Narrative Skills of Preschoolers who are Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing in One-to-one and Public Speaking Interactions

국문 초록 (Abstract)

배경 및 목적: 개인의 경험과 생각을 표현하는 이야기 산출 능력은 청각장애 아동의 사회성 발달 및 학업 성취에 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 청각장애 아동의 초등학교 적응에 필요한 의사소통 역량 향상을 위해 내러티브 기반의 집단 언어중재 프로그램을 개발하였으며, 프로그램 효과성을 청각장애 아동의 경험 이야기 산출 능력 측면에서 살펴보았다. 방법: 초등학교 입학을 앞둔 만 5-6세 청각장애 아동 10명을 대상으로 내러티브 기반의 집단 언어중재를 6개월 동안 격주로 총 12회기 실시하였다. 중재 프로그램은 초등 1학년 교과서에서 선정한 주제로 각 회기마다 이야기 산출 목표를 점진적으로 확대, 확장해갔고, 이 과정의 촉진 매개체로 이미지 카드를 사용하도록 개발되었다. 중재 효과 검증을 위해, 일대일 및 발표 상황에서의 경험 이야기 산출 과제를 사전과 사후에 실시하였으며, 아동이 산출한이야기의 C-unit, 구문복잡성, 어휘, mazes 비율을분석하였다. 결과: 내러티브 기반의 집단 언어중재 후, 청각장애 아동의 이야기에서의 총 C-unit 수와 다른 낱말 수가 일대일 상황과 발표 상황에서 모두 유의하게 향상되었다. 논의 및 결론: 내러티브 기반의 집단언어중재 프로그램은 일대일 및 발표 상황에서 청각장애 아동의 경험 이야기 산출 능력 향상에 긍정적인 효과가 있었다. 이는 청각장애아동의 특성과 발달 수준에 맞는 언어중재가 다양한 상황에서의 의사소통 능력 향상에 도움이 된다는 것을 의미하며, 집단 언어중재 형태로 학교 상황을 구조화하여 효과성을 검증하였다는 것에서 의의가 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Objectives: Previous research has shown that narrative-based language intervention (NBLI) is a viable approach for enhancing the narrative skills of children who are deaf and hard of hearing (DHH). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of NBLI in enhancing productivity, lexical and grammatical processing, and reducing the use of mazes in the spoken narratives of children with DHH. Methods: Ten children aged 5 to 6 years participated in this study. These children attended twelve 50-minute sessions of NBLI group therapy. Storytelling skills of children were elicited using carefully selected picture prompts designed to evoke specific narrative elements. The efficacy of the NBLI program was assessed using a pretest-posttest design, focusing on both one-to-one and public speaking interactions. Results: Significant improvements were observed in the total number of C-units and the diversity of words in the spoken narratives of children, both in one-on-one interactions and public speaking contexts, underscoring the effectiveness of NBLI across various communication settings. Conclusion: Improvements in spoken narrative skills in one-to-one and public speaking interactions were observed in children with DHH, supporting the effectiveness of NBLI for this population. These findings underscore the importance of language interventions that are specifically tailored to the characteristics and developmental stages of children with DHH, as they significantly improve spoken narrative skills across diverse communication contexts.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 Joint Committee on Infant Hearing., "Year 2000 position statement : principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs" 106 (106): 798-817, 2000
• 2 Swanson, L. A., "Use of narrativebased language intervention with children who have specific language impairment" 14 (14): 131-143, 2005
• 3 Justice, E. C., "Use of narrative-based language intervention with children who have cochlear implants" 28 (28): 149-161, 2008
• 4 Bae, J. A., "Understanding and application of group therapy" 3 (3): 17-23, 2007
• 5 권유진 ; 배소영, "Three measures of narrative discourse ability for Korean school-aged children in a story-retelling task" 11 (11): 72-89, 2006
• 6 Sabat, Y., "The use of picture cards in teaching speaking narrative in the IX-I grade students of junior high school Vos Sudarso Sidoarjo" STKIP PGRI Sidoarjo 2019
• 7 최성규 ; 김기생, "The study on attitudes and needs of teachers for special school with the hearing impaired toward inclusion" 5 (5): 71-92, 2004
• 8 송혜경, "The relationships between self-determination and creative personality of students with hearing Impairment" 6 (6): 39-54, 2015
• 9 박혜진 ; 한성아 ; 최재희 ; 심상용 ; 서영란 ; 장현숙, "The relationship between vocabulary knowledge and speech perception in school-age children using cochlear implants" 21 (21): 488-501, 2016
• 10 Goberis, D., "The missing link in language development of deaf and hard of hearing children : pragmatic language development" 33 (33): 297-309, 2012
• 11 이영미, "The influence of early hearing-aid use on receptive vocabulary and phonological processing skills in children with cochlear implants" 26 (26): 252-261, 2021
• 12 차수미 ; 권오식, "The effects of storytelling typed thinking skills training program on children’s nonverbal intelligence and public speaking skills" 6 (6): 57-69, 2015
• 13 Miller, R. D., "The effects of story grammar on the oral narrative skills of English Language Learners with language impairments" Clemson University 2014
• 14 Zamani, P., "The effects of narrative-based language intervention(NBLI)on spoken narrative structures in Persian-speaking cochlear implanted children : a prospective randomized control trial" 112 : 141-150, 2018
• 15 박영롱 ; 최소영, "The effects of conversational skills intervention through group program on conversational turn-taking and topic manipulation skills of school-age children with language delay" 28 (28): 115-128, 2019
• 16 Raymond, S. M., "The effect of narrative language intervention on the language skills of children with hearing loss" 6 (6): 384-396, 2021
• 17 Lee, Y. J., "The characteristics of personal and fictional story production between 5-6 year-old children with cochlear implants and normal children" Dankook University 2015
• 18 임종아 ; 황민아, "The characteristics of mazes in story retelling by children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" 14 (14): 96-108, 2009
• 19 박혜진, "Syntactic characteristics in narratives of children with and without hearing loss on two narrative production conditions" 11 (11): 240-254, 2015
• 20 서현석, "Study on authentic listening·speaking education for elementary school students : focused on public speaking of the lower grade" 63 : 29-56, 2017
• 21 권유진 ; 배소영, "Story composition ability of Korean children in Chuncheon with a story generation task" 15 (15): 115-126, 2006
• 22 Gu, B. K., "Special education" Kyoyookgwahaksa 2004
• 23 Lee, Y., "School adjustment of adolescents with sequential bilateral cochlear implants in mainstream school" 163 : 111338-, 2022
• 24 염선미 ; 이은주, "Research trends on pragmatic language ability of individuals with hearing impairment" 36 (36): 81-104, 2020
• 25 Cho, M. H., "Psychology of language" Hakjisa 2004
• 26 Westerveld, M. F., "Personal narrative intervention for school-age children with down syndrome : a focus on macrostructure" 38 (38): 197-211, 2022
• 27 Bat-Chava, Y., "Peer relationships of children with cochlear implants" 6 (6): 186-199, 2001
• 28 Kaderavek, J. N., "Oral narratives and emergent bookreadings of typically developing and language impaired children" Eastern Michigan University 1997
• 29 Schauwers, K., "Normal hearing and language development in a deaf-born child" 25 (25): 924-929, 2004
• 30 Davidson, A. J., "Narrative skills predict peer adjustment across elementary school years" 26 (26): 891-906, 2017
• 31 Jones, A. C., "Narrative skills in deaf children who use spoken English : dissociations between macro and microstructural devices" 59 : 268-282, 2016
• 32 Spencer, T. D., "Narrative intervention: principles to practice" 51 (51): 1081-1096, 2020
• 33 Carden, K. C., "Narrative intervention for preschoolers who are deaf and hard of hearing using listening and spoken language: a pilot study" 55 (55): 510-528, 2024
• 34 Liles, B. Z., "Narrative discourse in children with language disorders and children with normal language: a critical review of the literature" 36 (36): 868-882, 1993
• 35 Ku, E. J., "Narrative abillity of children with cochlear implants according to task type" Ewha Womans University 2024
• 36 배소영 ; 서경희 ; 정현경, "Narrative Assessments of korean school-aged children with cochlear implantation" 14 (14): 429-441, 2009
• 37 Kavanaugh, R. D., "Multiple perspectives on play in early childhood education" State University of New York Press 80-99, 1998
• 38 Paul, R., "Language disorders from infancy through adolescence: Assessment & intervention" Elsevier 2012
• 39 Owens, R. E., "Language development: an introduction" Allyn & Bacon 2001
• 40 Korean Audiological Society., "Korean newborn hearing screening guideline update" Korean Audiological Society 2018
• 41 Gillam, S. L., "Improving narrative production in children with language disorders: an early-stage efficacy study of a narrative intervention program" 49 (49): 197-212, 2018
• 42 Lee, H. Y., "Effects of social story based group language treatment on basic emotional vocabulary comprehension of school-aged children with autism spectrum disorders" Ewha Womans University 2015
• 43 McNevin, N. H., "Effects of attentional focus, self-control, and dyad training on motor learning : implications for physical rehabilitation" 80 (80): 373-385, 2000
• 44 이영미 ; 이슬기, "Effect of smartphone applications for aural habilitation in cochlear implanted children : improvement for auditory memory skills" 13 (13): 176-192, 2017
• 45 김나영 ; 장경호, "Effect of physical expressive activity programs on self-expression skill in hearing impaired children" 16 (16): 25-44, 2008
• 46 박혜진 ; 배소영, "Early expressive vocabulary development of Korean children with hearing impairment" 8 (8): 66-81, 2003
• 47 양희재 ; 김정미, "Comparison of syntactic ability of children with and without language learning disabilities in narratives" 30 (30): 43-52, 2021
• 48 Cole, E., "Children with hearing loss: developing listening and talking Birth to six" Plural Publishing 2007
• 49 이미림 ; 이희란, "Characteristics of the spoken expository discourse of 3-4 grade school-aged children with language learning disabilities" 19 (19): 456-466, 2014
• 50 최건아, "Case study on college students’ small group activities for overcoming speech anxiety" 109 : 389-418, 2016
• 51 Goldman, S., "Brief report : narratives of personal events in children with autism and developmental language disorders : unshared memories" 38 : 1982-1988, 2008
• 52 Spencer, T. D., "Bridging oral and written language: An oral narrative language intervention study with writing outcomes" 49 (49): 569-581, 2018
• 53 Gummersall, D. M., "Assessment of complex sentence production in a narrative context" 30 (30): 152-164, 1999
• 54 Ministry of Education., "Annual report on special education" Ministry of Education 2023
• 55 Paas, F., "An evolutionary upgrade of cognitive load theory : Using the human motor system and collaboration to support the learning of complex cognitive tasks" 24 : 27-45, 2012
• 56 Tait, M. E., "Age at implantation and development of vocal and auditory preverbal skills in implanted deaf children" 71 (71): 603-610, 2007
• 57 Curenton, S. M., "African American and Caucasian preschoolers’ use of decontextualized language" 35 (35): 240-253, 2004
• 58 김윤옥, "A study on the teaching ‘speak confidently’ in the Korean language curriculum" 77 : 7-34, 2020
• 59 Pae, S. Y., "A study on the production of stories of Korean children" 1 (1): 34-68, 1996
• 60 김윤옥, "A study on the aspects of personal narratives of first graders in an elementary school" 64 : 43-66, 2017
• 61 김태강 ; 정은희, "A study on communication-related quality of life for children with hearing impairment" 15 (15): 93-110, 2014
• 62 Park, Y. S., "A study of Korean discourse and texts" Hankookmunhwasa 2004
• 63 Esbensen, A., "A single-arm early efficacy study : narrative-based language intervention for children with sensorineural hearing loss" 25 (25): 269-286, 2023
• 64 김윤옥, "A review of listening·speaking area in the revised 2022 Korean language curriculum" 76 : 194-214, 2023
• 65 허명진, "A review of inclusive education for hearing impaired students in Korea : Related to cochlear implantation" 8 (8): 71-84, 2017
• 66 신민섭 ; 김수경 ; 오승하 ; 이효정 ; 김종선, "A preliminary study of predictive factors for language and cognitive development after cochlear implant in congenital deaf children" 47 (47): 1095-1101, 2004
• 67 염지혜 ; 최예린 ; 홍성화 ; 김은연, "A preliminary study for the development of rating scales in story retelling with preschool children" 23 (23): 89-108, 2014
• 68 Schorr, E. A., "A comparison of the speech and language skills of children with cochlear implants and children with normal hearing" 29 (29): 195-210, 2008
• 69 연석정 ; 이영미 ; 서현정 ; 이주영, "A case study of AAC intervention on transition from picture-symbol to text-symbol for adolescent with autism spectrum disorder" 6 (6): 141-160, 2018