감귤 분자육종을 위한 분자표지 개발 현황 및 전망 = Current status and prospects of molecular marker development for systematic breeding program in citrus

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Citrus is an economically important fruit crop widely growing worldwide. However, citrus production largely depends on natural hybrid selection and bud sport mutation. Unique botanical features including long juvenility, polyembryony, and QTL that controls major agronomic traits can hinder the development of superior variety by conventional breeding. Diverse factors including drastic changes of citrus production environment due to global warming and changes in market trends require systematic molecular breeding program for early selection of elite candidates with target traits, sustainable production of high quality fruits, cultivar diversification, and cost-effective breeding. Since the construction of the first genetic linkage map using isozymes, citrus scientists have constructed linkage maps using various DNA-based markers and developed molecular markers related to biotic and abiotic stresses, polyembryony, fruit coloration, seedlessness, male sterility, acidless, morphology, fruit quality, seed number, yield, early fruit setting traits, and QTL mapping on genetic maps. Genes closely related to CTV resistance and flesh color have been cloned. SSR markers for identifying zygotic and nucellar individuals will contribute to cost-effective breeding. The two high quality citrus reference genomes recently released are being efficiently used for genomics-based molecular breeding such as construction of reference linkage/ physical maps and comparative genome mapping. In the near future, the development of DNA molecular markers tightly linked to various agronomic traits and the cloning of useful and/or variant genes will be accelerated through comparative genome analysis using citrus core collection and genome-wide approaches such as genotyping-by-sequencing and genome wide association study.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

세계적인 과수작물로서의 경제적 중요성에도 불구하고, 감귤 생산은 주로 자연교잡 실생이나 눈 돌연변이로부터의선발 또는 단순 품종 도입 등을 통해 이루어지고 있는 실정이다. 긴 유년기, 다배성, 자가불화합성과 같은 감귤 고유의식물학적 특성, 주요 형질들(병저항성, 수량성, 품질 등)의QTL에 의한 조절 등은 전통 육종을 통한 우수 품종의 개발을 어렵게 하는 요인이다. 지구 온난화에 의한 생산 여건의급격한 변화, 소비자 요구 다양화 등은 고품질 감귤의 조기선발과 안정적 생산, 품종 다양화, 육종 비용 절감 등을 위한체계적인 감귤 분자육종 프로그램의 도입을 요구하고 있다. 동위효소를 이용한 최초의 감귤 연관지도 작성이 이루어진 이래, 다양한 분자표지를 이용한 연관지도 작성, 생물(CTV, CiLV, ABS, 선충] 및 비생물적(염분, 저온) 스트레스, 아포믹시스, 다배성, 과실착색(카로티노이드, 안토시아닌), 무종자, 웅성불임, 신맛 적음, 생식, 형태(나무, 잎, 꽃, 열매등), 과실 품질, 종자수, 수량성, 조기 착과 등과 연관된 분자표지 발굴, QTL 맵핑 등이 이루어졌다. CTV 저항성과 적육(안토시아닌 축적) 형질에 대해서는 유전자 클로닝이 이루어졌고, 교배 육종 효율 증대 및 비용 절감을 위해 교잡배와주심배를 구분하기 위한 다수의 simple sequence repeat (SSR) 분자표지가 개발되었다. 최근, 스위트오렌지와 ‘클레멘타인’ 만다린에 대한 고품질의 표준 유전체가 완성되어 유전체 기반 감귤 분자육종을 위한 토대가 마련되었다. 표준 유전체 정보를 토대로 대규모 분자표지(SNP, SSR, InDel) 기반의 표준 연관 및 물리지도 작성, 비교 유전체 지도 작성, gene annotation, 전사체 분석 등이 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 감귤유전자원 및 핵심집단에 대해 표준 유전체 기반 비교 유전체 분석, GBS (genotyping-by-sequencing), GWAS (genome wide association study) 등을 통해 감귤의 다양한 형질과 연관된 분자마커 발굴 및 개발, 유용/변이 유전자 클로닝 등에 관한 연구가 가속화될 것으로 전망된다. 또한 표적 유전체 교정 및 VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing) 기술도 유전자 마커의 검증을 비롯한 감귤 분자육종 프로그램에 활발히 이용될 것이다.

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