日本官僚制의 近代化過程에 관한 硏究 = A Study on Modernization Process in the Japanese Bureaucracy

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Chapter Ⅰ: Introduction
Since the formation of the Nation-State as a result of the Meiji Restoration, Japan has achieved modernization through the roles of bureaucracy. In addition, Japanese bureaucracy has made a great contribution to the economic development after World WarⅡ. The purposes of this study are as follows : 1) there are many similarities in geographical, historical and cultural aspects between Korea an Japan. 2) Korea has pursued the model of Japan and prevents from trial and error in modernization (approach to practicality).
Chapter Ⅱ : The forming and developing of Japanese bureaucracy
For the purpose of integrating the past feudal system, a strongly centralized
government was established in 1868. Japanese bureaucracy has undergone three stages of development.
1) The first stage (1867-1889)
After Meiji Restoration, Japanese bureaucracy known as Dajokan was formed. All
activities of the government were based on the Fukoku, i.e. the proclamation of the Dajokan, a kind of Imperial ordinance, and there was no low in the modern democratic sense. Criticism of the government and any movement for democratic right were prohibited by Imperial ordinances. The fact that most government officials were recruited from the former Samurai class contributed to the persistence of the old social status derived from a rigid feudalistic hierachy. Above all, the Civil Service did not have an open entrance examination system until 1887 : government offices before then were filled by members of several major clans which has contributed to the success of the Mieji Restoration.
2) The second stage (1889-1945)
In 1889, through the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution, a limited monarchy
modelled on that of Bismark's Germany was adopted. The Dajokan system was
abolished and the Imperial House and the Cabinet were established. It may be added, however, that in Japan the tendency towards centralization was stronger than in Germany. The Imperial House, which was the legislative body, adopted a bicameral system : the House of Peers and the House of Representatives. Personnel administration was first established at this time. To open civil service examination were held for higher and lower grade positions. Both examination tested mainly the legal knowledge of the candidates, rather than their general education of administrative ability. Despite the introduction of a constitutional monarchy, a highly feudal character was retained during this stage.
3) The third stage (1945 to date)
With the promulgation of the new Constitution in 1947, Japanese public administration underwent big changes. Since the constitution was based on the principles of democratic government and respect for fundamental human rights, public administration has to be adjusted both institutionally and functionally. In Personnel Administration, according to the proposal of National Public Service Law by Civil Service Division of GHQ, Japan government established National Public Service Law. Because in this law the Power of National Personnel Authority was strengthened and the labor power of public servents was limited, the democratic and efficient character of Japanese bureaucracy is argued. Japanese bureaucracy after World WarⅡ is functioning to make up policymaking under the influence of Japanese Parliament and accomplished economic development and made up her country the great economic nation.
Chapter Ⅲ : The policy-making and bureaucracy in Japan
There are two theories concerning of policy-making in Japan : One is power-elite theory, the other is multi-power theory. The institutions of policy-making in Japan are devided into three parts at the first glance. There are Government, Party(especially, Liberty-Democracy Party) and Congress(bicameral system). But, the coalition of Government and Liberty-Democracy Party is the most important roles in policy-making.
The activities of Interest-group have grown up in modern society. In Japan, this
appearance is taken as a matter of course. The roles of Interest-group become more important than any other times in Japan.
Chapter Ⅳ : Behavioral Character and role of Japanese bureaucracy
Japan was modernized by the acceptance of western culture and bureaucracy on the traditional culture foundation . It is not necessary to say that in the western system which were accepted in Japan, the Japanese bureaucracy played the important role in modernization of Japan. In 1885, the Japanese cabinet system was established on the constitutional foundation according to Prussian bureaucratic model. It is similar to Prussian bureaucracy in form, but different in substance and content. This cabinet system of Japan was set up to make the Emperor system the spiritual center, in order to exercise transcendentaly strong power of absolute monarchy that can not be found in order monarachies and to support the economic system of capitalism. After World WarⅡ under indirect government by the American Military Government, the Japanese bureaucracy had to be adjusted both institutionally and functionally. Now the Japanese bureaucracy after World War 11 was gradually traditionalized and its administrative methods were based on the traditional culture and spiritual foundation. And the result of this accomplished the system of specially excellent efficiency in productivity.
Chapter Ⅴ : Conclusion
There are many problems in Japanese bureaucracy, and one of most important
problems is a harmony of efficiency and democracy in public administration. This
problem is a very difficult one. Every modern state is searching for the solution, and Japan is no exception. Most of the important laws concerning public administration testify to both principles of efficiency and democracy, yet in practice these two principles are not in complete harmony. It is clear that the interest in and importance of Japan have grown in recent years. I think that this part should be studied more continuously.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 序 論
• 1. 硏究의 意義 및 目的
• 2. 硏究의 範圍 및 方法
• Ⅱ. 日本官僚制의 成立과 展開過程
• 1. 天皇制國家와 官僚制의 成立
• 2. 戰前官僚制의 展開過程
• (1) 第1期 (1867~1889)
• (2) 第2期 (1889-1945)
• 3. 戰後官僚制의 展開過程
• (1) 美國의 占領政策과 傳統的 官僚制의 再登場
• (2) 國家公務員法制定과 改正過程
• (3) 官僚地位의 變化
• Ⅲ. 日本의 政策決定과 官僚制
• 1. 日本의 政策決定過程에 관한 理論
• (1) 權力엘리트理論
• (2) 權力多元理論
• 2. 日本의 政策形成機構
• (1) 行政府의 政策形成機構
• (2) 自民黨의 政策形成機構
• (3) 議會의 政策形成機構
• Ⅳ. 日本官僚制의 行態的 特徵과 役割
• 1. 日本官僚制의 特徵
• 2. 近代化過程과 官僚制의 役割
• Ⅴ. 結 論