The Creation of the Korean Welfare State

국문 초록 (Abstract)

한 국가는 언제, 어떻게, 왜 복지국가로 도약하는가. 이 질문에 대한 명확한 대답을 우리는 아직 가지지 못하고 있는 듯 하다. 이 글은 한국 복지국가의 형성 및 성격에 대한 몇가지 미결의 문제에 접근하고자 한다. 이를 위해 과거 연구들을 분석했다. 한국 복지 국가의 형성 및 성격에 주목한 과거 19개 영문 논문을 분석해본 결과, 16개 연구에서는 한국을 일정한 형태의 복지국가라고 규정했다. 그러나, 대부분의 연구에서 분석의 기초 작업으로서의 복지국가의 명쾌한 개념 정의를 제시하지는 않았다. 이전 연구를 분석하는 동안 우리는 한국 복지국가를 설명하기 위한 다양한 형용사들을 접했다. 이를테면, “공허한”, “작은”, “잔여적”, “보편적”, “전형적”, “근대적” 등이었다. 대부분의 연구들은 한국의 복지국가가 1990년대, 특히 1997년말 금융위기 이후에 성립됐다는 의견을 제시했다. 이 글은 과거 연구들이 분석을 위해 접근한 방식에 주목했다. 한국 복지국가의 기원의 시점을 포착하는 과정에서, 개념 정의로 시작해서 조작화 과정을 거친 뒤 결론에 이르기 위해 근거들을 적용하는 전통적인 연역적 접근을 취한 연구는 희소했다. 또, 다수의 연구들이 분석의 과정에서 ‘서구의 시각’을 일부 차용한 것으로 보였다. 결론적으로, 아직 한국 복지국가의 정의와 측정, 설명에 있어서 많은 불분명함이 남아 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히, 한국 복지국가의 분석할 때, 서구적인 잣대를 쓰는 문제에 대해서는 논의의 여지를 남긴다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

We still appear to lack clear answers to seemingly basic questions such as ‘when, how and why does a state become a welfare State’. This article reviews previous literature to address a number of unresolved issues on the creation and characteristics of Korean welfare state. We found that 16 of our 19 articles regard Korea as some sort of ‘welfare state’. However, very few articles present a clear definition of the welfare state, and even fewer presented clear operationalized measures. We found a large variety of adjectives such as “hollow”, “small”, “residual”, “universal”, “prototypical” and “modern” were used to describe the Korean welfare state. The majority of our studies concluded that Korea became a welfare state in the 1990s, especially after the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. Few took the classic deductive route of specifying definitions, operationalizing criteria, and applying evidence in order to arrive at a creation date of the Korean welfare state. We discovered that analytical remain significant uncertainties about the definition, measurement and explanation of the Korean welfare state, particularly whether western yardsticks are appropriate.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Abstract
• I. Introduction
• II. Conceptual Background
• III. Findings
• IV. Conclusion
• Reference
• 국문초록

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