국제개발협력과 난민보호의 분절현상에 대한 소고: SDGs 속 난민소외와 비호–개발 연계의 모색 = The Gap between the International Development Cooperation and the International Refugee Protection: The Absence of Refugees in the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)

국문 초록 (Abstract)

2015년 시작된 지속가능발전목표(SDGs)와2018년 출범한 난민 글로벌 컴팩트(GCR)는 각각 개발협력과 난민보호의 영역에서 국제규범의 실천을 통한 대안을 모색하고 있다. 탈냉전이후 심화되는 난민위기는 개발 분야에서 지속가능한 대안을 모색하는 계기가 되었다. 반대로인도주의에 기반을 둔 난민보호의 한계 속에국제개발협력과 난민보호의 연계는 난민문제의근본적 해결을 위한 대안으로 주목을 받고 있다. 그러나 SDGs와 GCR은 서로 유리된 채 평행선을 걷고 있다는 평가를 듣는다. 과연 난민에게 SDGs는 어떤 의미일까? 보다 근본적으로과연 SDGs는 난민의 권리와 존재를 보호할 수있을 것인가 아니면 난민을 도구화하는 또 다른 억압일 뿐일까? 이 연구는 난민과 개발협력이 깊은 내적·외적 연관성에도 불구하고 어떻게 서로 분절되었는지 그 현상을 분석한다. 이글은 SDGs 내에 난민소외 현상을 분석한 뒤, 이를 극복하기 위해 SDG와 GCR 지표체계의통합을 위한 제언을 담고 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Since the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015 and the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) in 2018, the two most prominent international norms in each of the international development regime and the international refugee regime have been parallelized. The international refugee regime has constantly sought ways to enhance international refugee protection through the asylum-development nexus, in response to changing dynamics of the global refugee crisis. Also, the global refugee crisis since the end of the Cold War has been one of the fundamental motivations for international society to adopt the SDGs.
However, the SDGs have been criticized for the “refugee gap,” and the absence of refugee protection principles in its goals, targets, and indicators.
In this regard, it is necessary to explore what makes such decoupling between refugee protection and international development in the SDGs.
Specifically, what are the meanings of SDGs to refugees around the world? Does the SDGs could promote the protection of refugees or just exploit refugees for its own sake? This research explores the nature of the SDGs and the GCR to show how the two mechanisms have been decoupled despite the mutual linkages inherited. This article carefully reviews the historical and political backgrounds of the asylum-development nexus and its implications for SDGs and suggests ways to integrate the SDGs and the GCR indicator system.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 송영훈, "장기화된 난민위기와 국제개발협력" 한국사회역사학회 20 (20): 7-36, 2017
• 2 최원근, "비호-개발 연계(Asylum-Development Nexus)의 기원과 포괄적 파트너십: UNRRA로부터 난민 글로벌 컴팩트까지" 한국사회역사학회 24 (24): 45-81, 2021
• 3 조영희, "난민정책과 ODA 정책의 연계" 이민정책연구원 2019
• 4 이병하, "글로벌 난민 레짐의 변화: 난민 글로벌 컴팩트의 의미와 한계" 한국사회역사학회 23 (23): 73-111, 2020
• 5 Arendt, Hannah, "We Refugees" 1943
• 6 United Nations General Assembly(UNGA), "United Nations Millennium Declaration. Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly 55/2. (18 September 2000)"
• 7 Denaro, Chiara, "UN Sustainable Development Goals and the “Refugee Gap”: Leaving Refugees Behind?" 41 (41): 1-29, 2021
• 8 Micinski, Nicholas R, "UN Global Compacts: Governing Migrants and Refugees" Routledge 2021
• 9 Betts, Alexander, "The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR) : The Politics and Practice of Refugee Protection" Routledge 2012
• 10 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), "The Sustainable Development Goals and the Global Compact on Refugees:Working together to ensure that refugees and host communities are not left behind"
• 11 Goodwin-Gill, Guy, "The Oxford Handbook of Refugee & Forced Migration Studies" Oxford University Press 2014
• 12 Kim, Youngwan, "The Common Market Makes Us Richer and Brings Us Closer Together: An Impact Assessment of the Common Market Project at Nyarugusu Refugee Camp" 34 (34): 4336-4360, 2021
• 13 Wardeh, Mai, "Sustainability in Refugee Camps: A Comparison of the Two Largest Refugee Camps in the World" 34 (34): 2021
• 14 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR), "State of The World’s Refugees 2006: Human Displacement in the New Millennium" Oxford Universtiy Press 2006
• 15 McGregor, Elaine, "Routledge Handbook of Migration and Development" Routledge 2020
• 16 Betts, Alexander, "Regime Complexity and International Organizations: UNHCR as a Challenged Institution" 19 (19): 2013
• 17 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), "Refugee Situations. Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme, Standing Committee, 30th Meeting, UN Doc. EC/54/SC/CRP.14 (10 June 2004)"
• 18 Betts, Alexander, "Refugee Economies: Forced Displacement and Development" Oxford University Press 2017
• 19 Betts, Alexander, "Refuge : Rethinking Refugee Policy in a Changing World" Oxford University Press 2017
• 20 Matner, Mark, "Protracted Refugee Situations: Political, Human Rights and Security Implications" United Nations Universtiy Press 2008
• 21 International Rescue Committee(IRC), "Missing Persons: Refugees Left Out and Left Behind in the Sustainable Development Goals" International Rescure Committee 2019
• 22 Milner, James, "Introduction to International Development: Approaches, Actors, Issues, and Practice" Oxford University Press 2021
• 23 Hynes, Patricia, "Introducing Forced Migration" Routledge 2021
• 24 Edward, Alice, "Human Rights, Refugees, and the Right ‘To Enjoy’ Asylum" 17 (17): 2005
• 25 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR), "Global Trends : Forced Displacement in 2021" UNHCR 2022
• 26 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), "Global Compact on Refugees: Indicator Framework" UNHCR
• 27 Easton-Calabria, Evan. E, "From Bottom-Up to Top-Down: The ‘Pre-History’ of Refugee Livelihoods Assistance from 1919 to 1979" 28 (28): 412-436, 2015
• 28 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR), "Data Disaggregation of SDG Indicators by Forced Displacement"
• 29 Harrell-Bond, Barbara, "Can Humanitarian Work with Refugees be Humane" 24 (24): 51-85, 2002